Monat hee Saga a thd pad yt tenn thee Pa OR er ot Sa! ot RR ort one hoate ‘eta Ne ORO ie OO ary ROME RE BE Nel ap SR lne ng . Dis bh APE E Site Are Kier tal e No. 2 JANUARY 1948 5 ~ 3 ~~ > ox. ~ Re) . “& Vindicio, Formia (Latina), Italy. (JUN —'? |GL° ) Vi LigraRkN— Sulzer (Abgg. Gesch. Ins., 1776, p. 144, t. xvi, f. 8, 9) describes and figures a butterfly from Sicily that he names arge. The locality ‘‘ Aus Sicilien ’’ is a mistake as this species has never been found in that isle. Sulzer was misled by the fact that, until 1860, the southern regions of Peninsular Italy were called the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. In 1886 I found in the locality La Farnesina, close to Milvio Bridge, near Rome, some arge that I continued to catch there every year until 1899, sending specimens to Germany and Austria. Later Rostagno, comparing the Roman arge with those taken by us at Formia, that look like Sulzer’s figures, noted that both the black pattern and ocelh were more reduced in extent in the race from Rome which he named turati (Bull. Soc. Zool, It., 1909, p. 233). The female of arge figured by Seitz (Pl. 39 f.) represents a turatii and not the nominotypical form of that species. In the locality near Rome, where those arge lived, there are now large buildings and a form similar to twratii has not been found anywhere since. In 1903 we collected on Mt. Vulture, 2700 ft., near Melfi, in Basili- cata, some arge of a form that is a transition between fturatu and the nominotypical one. They. are similar to those from S, Fili, 1500 ft., on the Calabrian Coast Range, which Stauder named cucuzzana, From 1904 to 1911 we took many arge on the hill above Formia, at the base of Mt. Aurunci and facing the Gulf of Gaeta, up to a height of about 300 ft. In the morning these butterflies fly rapidly and rest- lessly, while about noon they assemble on thistle-flowers and it is easy to take them. Other arge similar to cucuwzzana were caught by us, in the same Aurunci mass, on the slopes of Mt. Petrella, 3000 ft., above Spigno Satarnia. In 1940 we collected again at Formia. The small stretch of ground, where arge live, has been ravaged by bombs, mines and fires, and in- sects were much scarcer than in the past. Some arge emerged from 6th May to the 21st, and we were able to get 55 males and 94 females. These latter, as often happened at Formia, were more frequent and variable than the males. We have sélected 12 males and 24 females which in some characters differ from the other specimens of the series. The largest males (pin- labelled Nos. 1 to 6) have an expanse of 48 to 54 mm. from tip to tip; the smallest (7 to 12) vary from 38 to 43 mm. The largest females (13 to 18) measure from 54 to 55 mm.; the dwarf ones (19 to 24) 42 to 44 mm. Only a few males (2, 8, 9) and females (13, 20, 28, 29) have the ocelli as small as in most cucuzzana from Calabria. At Formia we have never seen any specimen similar to those of race twratii from Rome. In the whole series of 149 arge, which we have before us, there are only one male (12) and one female (30) with a small additional black spot in the ocelli of the hindwings. In three males (1, 3, 4) the upper ocelli 58 PNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 are almost blind; in three females (25, 26, 27) the same ocelli are large, ovoidal rather than rounded, and with prominent purple pupils. There are seven females (23, 30, 32 to 36) with six ocelli on the underside of the hindwings. This scarce form corresponds to Sulzer’s description : “Die Hinterfliigel sind unten gelblich und haben sechs Augen.’’ At Formia, in past years, we never saw any form of arge worthy of notice. Now we have one male (5) in which the zigzag lines, along the margins of the hindwings, are almost obliterated, and the black border is thicker than in the other males of the series. In one female (81) these characters are still more prominent and the black border is wide also on the underside of the same wings. While collecting in the Iberian Peninsula we noted that the butter- fly figured by Hiibner with the name of thetis, which Hoffmannsegg changed into that of ines, differs from. arge by its generally smaller size and more elongated shape of wings, but the feature of the black pat- tern is the same, being only more extensive. Hiibner quotes “‘ Cala-. bria ’? as the country where his type was taken. This is evidently not correct as no butterfly looking like ines has ever been taken in Italy. Graf Hoffmannsegg discovered in Portugal several new species: Euchloé belemia, Esp., Euchloé tagis, Esp., Strimon esculi, Hb., and Zizera lysimon, Hb. We have taken these species, together with ines, near Lisbon and also in the same places (Belem, and in the sandy vine- yards near Cova da Piedade that Esper records in his description) where Hoffmannsegg collected many years ago. Hiibner’s figures are like most Portuguese ines. In the Museu de Catalunya we compared ‘112 ines, taken at Espluga de Francoli in Catalonia, with 59 others collected by us at Alcacer do Sal, at sea level, in Portuguese Extremadura (not Alemtejo as I wrongly labelled those specimens when I sent them to England and America). The late Ignasi de Sagarra noted that 84 Catalan ines and 2 Portuguese ones thad the pattern of the cell of the hindwings ending in an acute projection, as in Seitz’ figure of the female of ines (Pl. 39 e), while in 57 specimens from Extremadura and 28 from Catalonia the same pat- tern was as rounded at its tip as in Hiibner’s type (PI. 48, f. 196, 197). I propose to name sagarrai, nom. nov., the most frequent form of ines at Espluga de Francoli (Catalonia) in order to commemorate that clever, genial and enthusiastic lepidopterist who has been my very good. friend. Seitz’ figure, recorded above, represents the form sagarrai and not the nominotypical one. We know no other locality, besides Espluga de Francoli, where ines has been found in eastern Spain. Most ines taken by us at Albarracin (Aragén) in June 1924; at Ufia in the Serrania de Cuenca (New Castile) in June 1926, 1928 and 1933; and at Jerez del Marquesado in the Sierra Nevada (Andalusia) in May 1925 and 1926, always in mountain surroundings, 3300 to 3600 ft., have the same features as those from Portugal. In rainy seasons, as in 1925, 1928 and 1933, they most resemble Hiibner’s figures, being smaller and darker than in dry ones. The specimens that we took at Alcacer do Sal, in the spring of 1927, were produced by larvae grown in very arid surroundings, which seems to be more favourable to their development. THE FORAGING SPACE OF ANTS (HYM. FORMICIDAE) IN GREECE. 59 THE FORAGING SPACE OF ANTS (HYM. FORMICIDAE) IN GREECE. By W. PICKLES. INTRODUCTION. During the summer months of the year 1945 observations were made on the activities of ants on an area of ground situated near the sea shore some seven miles south-south-east of Piraeus, the principal port of Greece. The area was flat, very rocky with hardly any depth of soil on it: where there was any soil and between the crevices of the rocks course grass grew in the early months of the year. During the heat of the summer this was completely dried up and much of it blown away by the winds. There were on the area a number of conifers and some uf these grew to a good height. In some of these conifers there were nests of ants, other ants nested in the crevices between the rocks-in the soil there. The species of ants which were studied were Messor barbarus, L., subsp. meridionalis, Er. André, Aphaenogaster (Aphaenogaster) testaceo- pilosa, Lucas, Camponotus (Taenaemyrmez) aethiops, Latr., Campono- tus (Myrmentoma) keisenwetteri, Roger, Cremastogaster (Acrocoelia) auberti, Emery, Cremastogaster (Orthocrema) sordidula, Nyl., and Plagiolepis pygmaea, Latr. These investigations were carried out from 9th January 1945 to lst October 1945, when the area was enclosed and access forbidden. There were seven species of ants on the area and much of it was common feeding territory tu one or more species. The activities ‘of each of the species will be taken separately. (a) Cremastogaster (O.) sordidula, Nyl. Only one nest of this species of ant was observed on the area and records were made from early February until it ceased to exist (8rd May 1945). On the latter date it was then certain that the nest was no longer active. The territory covered by this ant was, as far as could be deter- mined, purely in a horizontal plane, the vertical distribution being neg- ligible. The maximum distance to which this ant travelled was 4 ft., which would give a foraging territory of 50 sq. ft. As there was no record of these ants having a vertical distribution at this site during the investigation it is unsafe to make deductions on their sphere vf activity in any but the horizontal plane, although this species was found climbing trees in Algeria, 11th October 1943. At this site in Algeria they also travelled much further from the nest than at this Greek site. Foraging was carried out both singly and in processions in which they collected, amongst other things, the petals of a small plant which re- sembles a species of ? plantain. (b) Camponotus (T.) aethiops, Latr. There were three nests of this species of ant on the area and one cf them (No. 10) displayed a great difference in its ecological activities to the other two nests. This nest was under a stone and went down into the ground ramifying between the rocks. The other two nests were be- neath the trunks of conifers and the galleries of the nests ramified be- tween the roots of the trees. 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 The difference in the situations of the nests appears to have had a profound influence on the territory which was covered by the ants emerging from them. The territory of those from nest No. 10 was purely terrestrial whilst the territories of those from the other two nests were chiefly arboreal in distribution. In the case of nest No. 10 the maximum distance travelled was 24 ft. to a point 23 ft. away. This is very much smaller than the maximum distance travelled by this species in Italy referred to in Pickles (1946c): granted that in the Italian case referred to there were artificial means to help the ants to get from one place to another whilst at this spot there were no such means. In the cases of two other nests which were at the bases of trees the territories were practically purely arboreal. In one of these cases (No. 5), the greatest distance to which the ants travelled from the tree was to a point 16 ft. away, whilst they went to the top of the tree which was 31 ft. high. So that in this case the ver- tical distribution was twice that of the horizontal. On many occasions the ants were found foraging up the tree solely, there being no foraging along the ground. In both these cases the vertical height to which the ants travelled was greater than the horizontal distance travelled and therefore justifies the three dimensional consideration’ of the foraging space of ants in contrast to the horizontal distribution solely. It must always be realised that in the vertical distribution there is less freedom of movement as the lines of the processions are limited by the presence or absence of branches in any given direction (i.e., there must be sup- port for the ants). (c) Aphaenogaster (A.) testaceo-pilosa, Lucas. On the area of ground under observation, there was one nest of this species of ant. This nest was beneath a stone and went down into the eround and the galleries went along the fissures in the rock beneath the stone. There was evidence that the ants at this site were excavat- ing in the soil because quite a lot of soil excavation took place during the Spring and the Autumn months of 1945—quite a large dump of soil being formed at the close of the survey. This species of ant seemed to prefer the shady days or the evenings for its activities, as during the summer months it was rarely active dur- ing the middle of the day: it would only come out in the evenings. In the early part of the year (March and April) it was abroad during the afternoons also. At this area this species of ant foraged entirely on the ground and the maximum distance recorded was on 27th May 1945. This was 20 ft. 6 ins. This gives a foraging territory of 1321 sq. ft. At this particular area this ant was not seen indulging in arboreal foraging. (d) Cremastogaster (A.) auberti, Hmery. This species of ant was represented by one permanent nest on the area which later in the summer founded a daughter nest. The parent nest was situated in the stump of the trunk of a conifer which was about 7 ins. high and 8 ins. in diameter. The nest was active throughout the summer months until the stump was chopped down by some Greeks in October 1945. The daughter nest was first recorded on 26th June 1945. This was formed at the base of a small conifer up which ants from the parent nest foraged all summer. This tree was situated some 4 ft. 9 ins. to the north-east of the parent nest. THR FORAGING SPACH OF ANTS (HYM. FORMICIDAE) IN GREECE. 61 These ants foraged both along the ground to some low bushes where they attended Aphides and also up the tree already mentioned so that here again we have a case of three dimensional foraging. Although there was a good deal of random foraging there were three permanent processional routes, along which the ants travelled regularly and which remained in existence all through the survey. One was to the tree mentioned above, the second was to the south-west and was 6 ft. long, and the other was in a north-westerly direction, this being 29 ft. long. This was the maximum distance to which ants travelled from this nest on this area. This gives its foraging area as 2643 sq. ft. in extent. Although there was foraging to the bush continually during the Summer months, the main procession led to the fir tree some 4 ft. 9 ins. to the north of the nest. A regular and well defined procession was usually to be found going to this tree throughout the summer months. There were Aphides on this tree which were being attended by the ants. The height of this tree was 15 ft. 6 ins. Their foraging space in this direction was bounded by the limits of the branches of the tree. The furthest limit of the tree was within the maximum ground foraging distance. This being taken as 29 ft. then the Potential Foraging Space will be 51,101 cubic feet. The subsidiary nest of this species (No. 4A) at the base of the tree - confined its activities to the tree. Ants from this nest would join in the procession from nest No. 4 and go up the tree along with them. Only on a few occasions did the ants from nest No. 4A forage along the ground and then only to a short distance from the base of the tree. (e) Camponotus (Myrmentoma) keisenwetteri, Roger. There were two nests of this species of ant recorded on the area; one was near the tree mentioned above in connection with the ant, C. auberti, being three feet from the tree and towards the north-east, the other being 29 ft. from the tree towards the south-west. This ant foraged abroad both along the ground and also up the tree. These ants from the nest near the tree (No. 8) foraged chiefly up it, they made no processions, foraging occurring singly. This tree was also the foraging ground of the ants of this species at Nest No. 9, some 29 it. away to the south-west. At one time or another they were found on all parts of the tree, so that as with C. (A.) auberti in this direction they did not travel along the ground further than the base of the trunk of the tree which they ascended and travelled along the branches to a. point 39 ft. away. This was the greatest distance to which the ants travelled which gives a horizontal feeding territory of 4780 sq. ft. Besides having this large feeding territory, this ant was also found higher up trees other than this tree. At the tree nest No. 7, which was also the site of a nest of the ant C. (T.) aethiops, C. (M.) keisenwetteri was encoun- tered at a height of 18 ft. from the ground; this particular ant was com- ing down the tree at the time when it was seen and so it had been higher up the tree. So that given the opportunity and the material support necessary this ant was also capable of considerable vertical distribution. We may therefore regard this nest as the centre of a foraging space with the maximum distance from the nest (39 ft.) as the radius. This gives as the Potential Foraging Space 124,288 cu. ft. 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 (f) Plagiolepis pygmaea, Latr. There was one nest of P. pygmaea, this being near the centre of the area. The maximum distance recorded here was less than that found in the investigations carried out on this species of ant in Italy (see Pickles, 1946d). (z) Messor barbarus, L., subsp. meridionalis Er. André. There was one nest of this subspecies on the area near to the centre of the area. The ants from this nest foraged along the ground solely. On 2lst April 1945 from this nest there was a procession of ants leading out in a southerly direction for a distance of 37 ft. This was the maxi- mum distance recorded for this species. Although this is an ant of similar size to Messor barbarus barbarus, L., its maximum distance was so much smaller than that recorded for the latter species of ant, 1.e., 150 ft. This must be due to local factors. As it was never seen up trees this ant has apparently only a horizontal territory. Calculated on the ' maximum distance recorded this territory is 4303 sq. ft. TYPES OF NESTS. Of the species of ants studied in Greece the nests were chiefly ground nests though some of them were situated at the bases of conifers. De- tails of these nests will be given under each species. M. b. meridionalis. This species of ant made its. nest in the crevices in the rocks filled with soil. They excavated during the rainy season and on several occasions these ants were observed to bring out their seeds from the granaries below to be dried around the mouths of the nests. When they were dried they were returned below. C. (T.) aethiops. Whereas in Italy these ants were found in stumps of trees used for the support of vines (see Pickles, 1946c) in Greece they were purely terrestrial nests, chiefly situated at the bases of the coni- fers growing on the area. P. pymaea. These ants are found in the soil only and beneath stones. On another area not far away from the one we are now considering (see Pickles, 1946b) this species of ants made its nests beneath the pebbles on the sea-shore. In all these cases circular mounds of excavated material were made. UC. (O.) sordiduda. On the area in Greece this species was purely ter- restrial, the mounts round the mouth-openings were conical rather than ‘‘ramparts ’’ as described by Forel (1928). These small cones were about 2 ins. in height and several of them had a trackway along which the ants moved, grooved out in the soft soil of which they were made. There may be one or more of these grooves on one cone. CU. (A.) awberti. This species was found in the stump of an old coni- fer as before stated. The ants were tunnelling in the wood of the stump itself and there appeared to be considerable excavation in the soil be- neath the stump. A nursery was found beneath the stone and old needles from the conifers nearby were covering it. The daughter nest of this species at the base of the tree (No. 4A) was, as far as could be ascertained, among the roots at the base of the tree referred to earlier in the text THE FORAGING SPACE OF ANTS (HYM. FORMICIDAE) IN GREECE. 63 A. (A.) testaceo-pilosa. This ant excavated its nest beneath a large flat stone and the excavated material was piled up outside the nest near the mouth opening on the side away from the stone. C. (M.) keisenwetteri. Both nests of this species on the area were excavated in the soil and had single mouth-openings. There was no sign of excavated material. Nest No. 8 had no mound at all or even a cone of excavated material, it was just a hole in the ground like that of an earthworm’s burrow except that it was of smaller diameter. Nest No. 2 had a cone of excavated material (or rather a pillar of it) with the mouth at the top. There was no groove running down the side as was the case with C. (O.) sordidula. It measured about 4 in. in height and about the same in diameter. INTERRELATIONS AND COMMON FEEDING TERRITORY OF THE ANTS. The ants on this area had much common feeding territory and much of the territory of the other ants was within that of C. (T.) aethiops, and therefore common to more than one species of ant. Round about the tree near to nest No. 4 there was an area of ground which was common territory to four of the species on the area, i.e. C. (T.) aethiops, C. (A.) auberti, C. (M.) keisenwetteri and M. b. meri- dionalis. These ants with the exception of the latter species were all found foraging up the tree which was near nest No. 4 at one time or another either singly or in processions or one species only or more than one at one and the same time. The four species appeared to forage on this tree without any quar- rels taking place (at least as far as the observations here carried out showed). On several occasions C. (M.) keisenwetteri was up the tree and met members of the nest of C. (A.) auwberti when they appeared to avoid each other but there was no real fighting. At nest No. 7, which was a nest of C. (T.) aethiops, C. (M.) keisen- wetteri was observed up the tree even when the inhabitants of the nest at its roots were abroad and somewhat agitated round about the mouth- opening at the base of the trunk of the tree. Again the ants of these two species appear to live harmoniously together, or at least they ap- peared never to fight during the time that these observations were made. They appeared to avoid each other rather than fight. GENERAL ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. (a) Dryine THE SEEDS. On several occasions in Greece the ants M. b. meridionalis were seen to bring from the nest seeds and these were spread out over the mound outside the nest to dry off in the sun. The harvesting ants are known to do that if there is any danger of the granaries being damp and ger- mination occurring or fungoid growth appearing. But these ants were not seen to make the usual ‘‘midden’’ of waste as was observed in Algeria, etc. (b) FicgHTs AND QUARRELS. Battles between two nests of the ant C. (T.) aethiops had appar- ently occurred at various times as there were occasions when ants which had lost their abdomens and others decapitated were seen at the bases of the trees beneath which were the nests of this species. 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 On 11th May 1945 an unusual state of affairs was observed. The ants from nest No. 4 (C. (A.) auberti) were foraging in procession to the tree only. Round about this nest there were several individuals of CO. (T.) aethiops behaving in a peculiar manner. They were scraping their heads, jaws, legs, etc., on stones. It was found that heads and thoraces of C. (A.) auberti were fastened to these parts of their anatomy. One of the latter species attacked a (. (T.) aethiops which afterwards went round in circles as if in distress. I watched a specimen of C. (A.) auberti attack one of OC. (r.) aethiops: it caught its left middle leg in the tibial region and the latter ant tried to get away from the smaller ant but this was firmly attached to it by by its mandibles. The larger ant tried and tried by rolling, scraping, etc., to get rid of the smaller species but was unable to do so. In the struggle the C. (A.) auberti lost its abdomen; but still it held on with its mandibles. I watched the struggle for half an hour and the larger ant appeared to be weakening through the continued struggling. I was unable to stay longer on this particular occasion, but judging by the number of dead specimens lying about it would appear that this ant finally exhausts itself in trying to rid itself of the smaller ant which has fixed itself so firmly to it and so eventually dies. (c) FoRaciIne. The method of foraging used by M. b. meridionalis was to form pro- cessions. Of the other species only two produced any points of interest. One was C. (T'.) aethiops and the other A. (A.) testaceo-pilosa. Although the former species would forage both in processions and singly, some- times they would issue from the nest in small numbers. An example of this was on 13th June 1945 when a party of ten workers left the nest No. 10. These ten ants emerged from the nest at 6.45 p.m. They kept in a group for a distance of 18 ft., when they broke up having’ come across a rock surface 6 ft. long and 2 ft. 6 ins. wide. They went all over the rock apparently wandering aimlessly for five minutes or more be- fore beginning to return to the nest. A. (A.) testaceo-pilosa. This species usually foraged singly, but on 24th March 1945 a party issued from nest No. 3 to collect a caterpillar ; this account is dealt with fully in Pickles, 1946a. (d) Wrnp. Most of the ants studied in this investigation appear to have been unaffected by the wind. On several occasions C. (T.) aethiops was found foraging to the top of the tree at nest No. 7 even during winds of high velocity. Although these ants were seen to be badly buffeted about on. the outer branches, none were observed to be blown off the tree. They were still able to go about their business foraging. 4th July 1945 was a particularly windy day and although I had great difficulty in climbing the tree and the ants were also badly buffeted about, they were able to go to the very top of the tree (26 ft.) without mishap. SUMMARY. From the data which have been collected in this survey it would seem . that, particularly with some species of ant it is necessary to make obser- vations in three dimensions and so establish a Foraging Space rather A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ANT FROM NEW BRITAIN. 65 than just a Foraging Territory if we are to get a true picture of their ecological relationships. It would also appear that this three dimen- sional treatment is chiefly necessary for ants which attend Aphides and therefore tend to climb trees and tall plants. The harvesting ants of the genus Messor in particular would appear to keep close to the ground. at least the few inches that they do climb to cut off inflorescences from the grasses, etc., are negligible when compared with the great horizontal! distance travelled. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. I wish to thank Mr H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe for kindly identifying the ants for me. REFERENCES. Forel, A. (1928). ‘‘ The Social World of the Ants,’’ London. Pickles, W. (1946a). ‘‘ The Foraging Activities of the Ant Aphaeno- gaster (A.) testaceo-pilosa, Lucas (Hym. Formicidae),”’ Ent. Mon. Mag., 82: 4. Pickles, W. (1946b). ‘‘ A Study of the Territories of Ants on the Sea Shore,’ Ent. Mon. Mag., 82: 49-51. Pickles, W. (1946c). ‘‘ Studies of the Territory and the Kcological Activities of the Ant Camponotus (T.) aethiops, Latr. (Hym. Formicidae),’? Hnt. Mon. Mag., 82: 220-223. Pickles, W. (1946d). ‘‘ The Foraging Space of Ants (Hym. Formici- dae) in Italy,’ Ent. Mon. Mag., 83: 240-243. A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ANT FROM NEW BRITAIN. By Horace DontstHorPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. SuBraMiLy Myrmicianae. Trise Tetramorine. Genus Dorothea, Gen. n. Head subrectangular; clypews prolonged between the frontal carinae, posterior ridge of same bordering the antennal foveae; no carina on cheeks; no scrobe present; frontal carinae not very short, nor close together; antennae 12-jointed, club 3-jointed; maxillary palpi jointed: labial palpi jointed. Thomax impressed at meso-epinotal suture; epinv- twm unarmed. No spurs to posterior pairs of tibiae. Dorothea novobritainae, Sp. n. Black to blackish-brown, shining; mandibles, scapes, articulations of legs reddish, funiculi and tarsi reddish-yellow. Clothed with longer and shorter fine yellow hairs. Head subrectangular, longer than broad. slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly, posterior angles bluntly pointed, posterior border slightly excised, anterior portion of head finely longitudinally striate, vertex smooth and shining with a few very small scattered punctures; mandibles large, triangular, bluntly pointed at apex, masticatory border not armed; clypeus convex with anterior border rounded in middle, sinuate at sides, posterior border projecting 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 hetween the frontal carinae and with sides forming a ridge bordering the antennal foveae; frontal area deep rounded behind; frontal furrow short, smooth, not very narrow; frontal carinae slightly divergent be- hind; eyes fairly large, oval, flat, situated about the middle of sides of head; antennae 12-jointed, scape curved reaching end of longitudinal striae on head, funiculus gradually thickened to apex, club 3-jointed, fairly large, pubescent, last joint bluntly pointed, longer than the two preceding taken together. Thorax very finely punctured, longer than broad, broadest at humeral angles, no suture between pro- and meso- thorax, suture between meso- and epinotum impressed; pronotwm con- vex, with a short neck margined anteriorly, and bluntly pointed pro- minent humeral angles; sides of mesonotum narrowed to impression be- tween meso- and epinotum; epinotum with angle between dorsal sur- face and declivity weli marked, dorsal surface convex, longer than de- clivity, declivity slightly concave; meso- and metathorax longitudinally striate. Petiole long, narrow, pedunculate, with a narrow rounded node; post petiole broader and slightly higher than petiole, rounded above and at sides; gaster oval, narrowed in front and behind, equally convex above and below, longitudinally striate at junction with post petiole. Stig small. Legs moderate, femora incrassate. No spurs to posterior pairs of tibiae; claws large, simple. Long. 4.5 mm. Genotype Dorothea novobritainae, Sp. n. Described from three workers, New Britain, Herawat, July 1946, B. A. O’Connor. In appearance this new genus reminds one of the Pseudomyrcinae, but, of course, it does not belong to that subfamily. COLLECTING NOTES, C. Croceus anp N. POLYCHLOROS aT SWANAGE.—It is of interest tc record that on 12th April one specimen of C. croceuws was observed and on 13th April one N. polychloros in excellent condition, settled with outspread wings close to a dirty puddle at the foot of the Parbeck Hills; nearby are plenty of Hlms and Sallows. P. aegeria, ovipositing, G. rhamm, N, 10, and A. urticae were more numerous than usual. Dur- ing the past few hot days P. brassicae and P. rapac are very much in evidence.—LEONARD TaTcHELL, Rockleigh Cottage, Swanage, 19.iv.48. ABNORMAL HMERGENCE.—I was somewhat surprised when a ¢ Meso- leuca albicillata hatched out in my cages yesterday—this early emerg- ence seems to me almost phenomenal since I understand it to be nor- mally a July insect. The specimen referred to is a cripple, and one that I bred from ova deposited by a wild 9 captured last year. I may add that there can be no question of forcing, since there thas been no artificial heat in the room in which the pupa has been kept. If you consider this observation of sufficient interest to publish in the Entomo- logical Record and Journal of Variation, you are perfectly at. liberty to do so.—J. M. Cuatmprs-Hvnt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, 8th April 1948. CURRENT NOTES. 67 ML. STELLATARUM tN MARcCH.-—One specimen of stellatarwm was visit- ine Aubretia flowers here on 1st March. On 10th March two were seen at the same time, and on several days up to the end of the month and during the first week of April single specimens visited the garden, mostly at Aubretia blossoms on a rockery. On each occasion one’s presence was ignored at a distance of three feet.—E. Barton Watts, F.R.E.S., Braunton, N. Devon. CURRENT NOTES. Dr Gustav DE LATIN is a voung Austrian lepidopterist, known to British entomologists for his work on the Parnassius of Anatoha, He has survived the war, even the Russian front, and is now back at Ento- mology. His subject is the Lepidoptera of the Middle Hast. A subscrip- tion to the Hntomologist’s Record has put him in the seventh heaven and he writes with enthusiasm for the ‘‘ ray of sunshine in his spiritual isolation.’’ For those who would care to disperse that isolation, his address is: —Dr Gustaf de Lattin, (22b) Geilweilerhof, Post Siebeldingen —Pfalz, Germany (French Zone). He would welcome correspondence, and, above all, literature concerning his subject.—M. B. THe Annual Spring Exhibition held by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society on 30th March was again a very successful and well-attended meeting. A room had been set apart for an elementary talk introduc- ing the study of Entomology. This was illustrated with simple appara- tus, apparatus that could be home-made, or easily adapted from objects obtainable in an ordinary household. Although the Society issues some most valuable pamphlets on the study and preservation of insects cf other Orders, the exhibitors were Lepidopterists. Among the exhibits were the results of breeding, the captures made during the wonderful year 1947, including numerous unusual forms of immigrants, species, etc., all proving that the efforts of the officials and older members of the Society had done well and that the coming generation of Entomologists would make good when life settles down after the baneful influence of war. Part I of Vol. IX of the Transactions of the Society for British Entomology contains the 2nd portion of a ‘‘ List of the Lepidoptera of Dorset,’? by W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S. This is more than a List, for each species is introduced by notes often considerable and always useful. Since the death of Prout the Geometers have become very diver- gent in classification and not in accord with books or Lists in the hands of students. An Index is added of Families, Genera and Species, a very necessary addition. The Families dealt with are Ocnerudae, Sterrhidae, Geometridae, Selidosemidae, Polyplocidae, Sphingidae, and Notodontidae. The author has a strong belief in the use of genitalia characters in the determination of the position of many species among the Geometridae. The paper is a continuation of the records of the three generations of the Dale family years ago, but, of course, adapted to the advance of the present times. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V1948 THE Report of the New Forest Committee for 1947 contains a large amount of detail of the History, Areas, and Administration; the Wood- lands, the Open Portions and Amenities, etc. There are two folded maps in a Pocket, a most useful map showing everything likely to be useful to lovers of the wild life of the area, and a second map of de- tailed connections proposed in relation to the surround authorities. Bolletino Lab. di Zoologia. Gen. et Agr. (It.), vol. xxxii (1941-1945) has recently appeared. Over 300 pages with a dozen Memoirs, of which Silvestri contributes three. These studies are mainly on the biology of the insects that are detrimental to fruits for which Italy is famous; the Olive is prominent among these crops. Tur Ann. Report of the Canadian Ent. Soc. for 1946 has been pub- lished. The matter reported is mostly economic, the studies of mem- bers who are in various departments of university or institution en- gaged in economic work, and rarely one gets a paper devoted to investi- gation of the biological life of the insects under discussion. OBITUARY. Mr H. G. Jerrery, of Newport, Isle of Wight, passed away on 20th January after a brief illness. He was perhaps best known as a coleop- terist, but was interested in all branches of natural history, and his knowledge of the birds and plants of the Island was outstanding. Zoology & & i € OCT 13 1948 | Fe Lia ra alr ines ATTRACTED BY BRIGHT COLOURS?’ 95 ARE ANTS ATTRACTED BY BRIGHT COLOURS? By Matcoum Bure, Disc), R.E-S: While sitting in a garden on the shores of the Gulf ot Ismit on 17th July my attention was attracted by a ghstening red object travelling across the gravel. To my surprise, | found it was an ant carrying a tiny piece of crimson foil that had evidently been wrapped round a chocolate. There were bigger pieces lying about, all silvery on one side, but either golden or crimson on the other, and all with glistening lustre. I tore them into small pieces and scattered them, with the result that in a few minutes the path was decorated by a mass of brilliant gold and crimson spots, all moving irregularly in approximately the same direc- tion. I traced them down to a stone wall, but, unfortunately, was un- able to follow the matter up further. It would be interesting to know whether the ants were attracted by the bright colours, or, perhaps, by the aroma of chocolate which no doubt clung to the fragments. [The ants Dr Burr sent are Aphuenoguster uestuceopilosu. Lucas subsp. semtpolita Nylander. These ants collect seeds; but also other objects which they afterwards reject. Emery records that they carry home petals of flowers. In my paper on the ants and myrmecophiles of Sicily [Ent. Record 38: 161-65; 39: 6-9 (1927)], where this subspecies is abundant, I recorded that on one occasion [I saw several workers carrying a fair-sized bean.—Horace DONISTHORPE. | BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN BALCOMBE AND EAST SUSSEX IN 1947, By R. J. R. Levert. During last season | made observations at various places in Hast Sussex, as follows:—Within two-mile radius of Balcombe, in the East- bourne district, at Beachy Head, Cuckmere Vailey from Alfriston to the sea, Hastings, Downs above Clayton, Chailey Common, Three Bridges, and Abbots Wood near Hailsham, and in Hove. Apart from butterflies, Macroglossum stellataruwm was very com- mon everywhere; about fifty were seen in Hove or at home, ranging from one on 28.iv to one on 13.x1; they were more abundant after mid- August. One was seen feeding at petunias on Dieppe Town railway station on 3.1x. A fresh speciment of Sphinx convolvuli was found near Alfriston on 27.1x. On 20.vii a Q of Sirex gigas (a pine-boring sawfly) was caught in Balcombe. MIGRANT BUTTERFLIES.—The first Vanessa atalunta was seen at Arlington on 21.vi. In late July it was common in mid-Sussex, and odd specimens were seen almost daily until mid-October. Vanessa cardut was fairly plentiful throughout the Jate summer: the first were two seen on 2.vi, in Balcombe, the last on 26.ix. The Pierinae—brassicae, rapae, and napi—had their numbers swelled by immigration to extreme abundance in August and September. Often they resembled white clouds over the allotments. 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/1X/1948 Ot course the Clouded Yellows made the most prolific migration of - 1947—probably their best since 1877. I saw a total of over 150 croceus ; they were seen all along the Sussex coast from Chichester to Hastings, and inland over the Downs as far as Ashdown Forest. A few specimens of lemon-yellow colour (none netted) were either those of CU. hyale, or the var. helice of croceus. RESIDENT BurteERFLIES..-—The season was rather varied as regards the residents—some few were abundant, some merely plentiful, while several were rather scarce. Outside my home area Argynnis aglaia was plentiful on the South Downs, around Clayton and Alfriston, on 29.vii and 3.vilil. Aricia agestis emerged in numbers; two 9 Q were captured on 29.vii, and in early August many emerged in the Cuckmere Valley. Humenis semele was rot so well out; a ¢ and a Q, both just emerged, were taken near the Long Man of Wilmington on 3.vii, and others were seen, mostly in early August. IJ found three specmens of Hesperia comma, an elusive and rather local species, at the top of High-and-Over Hill near Seaford, during a passing inspection on 16.viil. All three were $d, two worn, and the other, which I retained, quite fresh. Rather curiously, although A. agestis is usually plentiful on the Downs, it is far scarcer on the thickly-wooded Sussex-Surrey borders; { have only two specimens from here, both taken at Balcombe soon after VE-day, May 1945. Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon is often common on the Sussex Downs in August, and 1947 was no exception. Very large numbers were out everywhere on the section of the Downs between the Cuckmere Valley and Beachy Head. None were seen near Clayton Mills on 29.vii, although icarus, phlaeas, agestis, sylvestris, and the first four migratory croceuws were all seen there. JL. coridon first appeared with several fresh $ ¢ on Beachy Head on 2.vili. The following day was hot and sunny, and many more appeared. In favoured spots a dozen or more fresh ¢<¢ could be observed at once. However, 2 2 were fewer and less inclined to fly, the proportion being about one 2 in 10 of several hundred specimens. The emergence seemed to be in full swing, although probably the predominance of ¢ J indicates at this date that the appearance of coridon was about twe weeks late. However, by mid-August the balance of sexes had evened up considerably. A small fresh 3 coridon of var. arcuata was among several taken near Alfriston on 3.vili. Satyrus (Melanargia) galathea was noticeably scarce in East Sussex—a worn specimen was seen on A.viil, but | have yet to see any in the Forest Ridges district. Abbots Wood near Hailsham was cut down early in the war to provide char- coal for explosives. Three, four years old bushes have since growa. When [ visited it on 21.vi last, no Melitea athalia were found, although several Argynnis selene were captured and examined to avoid over- looking uthala. ¢ ) At home, several Aglats urticue tried to ‘‘ aestivate ’’ in the man- ner of tropcal butterflies. In late August during the heat-wave speci- mens repeatedly flew in, and hid in dark corners of the House. It is a disputable point whether this was true aestivation or premature hibernation; I am inclined to think the former occurred. Argynnis paphia was Just as common as usual in the oak-woods, late in the sum- mer. Celastrina argiolus was scarce compared with 1946—only a few A DAY’S COLLECTING AT ATHT RIVER, KENYA COLONY. 97 odd specimens were seen in June and July. Limenitis camilla is well established in local oak-woods and appeared plentifully in July. Apatura iris has not been observed here, although it may well occur. Heodes phlaeas was the commonest of all to me in 1947. There were probably three, if not four, generations and it was common until late October, the last being three fresh QQ on 3.xi. On 6.x a specimen ot L. phlaeas was taken, being a small, fresh, but damaged ¢ of var. obsoleta, Tutt, similar to Dr Ford’s figure in Butterflies (1945). pl. 29, fig. 3. On 24.vii a fine 9, var. arete, Miiller, of Aphantopus hyperantus was taken in Balcombe. Two specimens of Maniola lithonus taken are notable: a small worn 2 (Chailey Common) on 10.viii, having two extra black spots on each forewing; and a large ~freshly-emerged © (Balcombe) on 15.viii, similarly marked. Such aberration is referred to by Dr Ford (l.c. p. 222). Thecla quercus was common round oak-woods in Balcombe in late July, but only 9 9 were captured, all being freshly emerged then. On 29.vii a fresh Q quercus was netted on top of the Downs near Clayton. [ mistook it for a Q Blue, since it was actually rather an unusual treeless spot for it; with this species the 92 are often found feeding on honey-dew on the lower leaves of oak-trees, whereas the ¢¢ fly mostly at the tops of the trees. Of the other species, those not already mentioned which are resi- dent in our district are as follows: —Anthocharis cardamines, Argynnis euphrosyne, A. selene, and A. paphia, Callophrys rubi, Coenonympha pamphilus, Erynnis tages, Gonepteryr rhamni, Maniola jurtina, Nymphalis io, Ochlodes venata, Pararge aegeria and P. megera, Poly- gonia c-album, Polyommatus icarus, Pyrgus malvae, and Thymelicus sylvestris.—R. J. R. Levett, Netheroak, Stockcroft Road, Balcombe, Sussex, 13.vi1.48. A DAY’S COLLECTING AT ATHI RIVER, KENYA COLONY— 15.V111.48, By D. G. Sevastoputo, F.R.E.S. Readers of the Entomologist’s Record may be interested in an ac- count of the entomological results of a field meeting of the East African Natural History Society held at Athi River, some seventeen miles south- east of Nairobi, on the 15th August 1948. A total of sixteen attended this meeting, but entomologists were well in the minority—two of us versus fourteen bird-watchers. With the exception of the only Satyrid seen the whole day, a specimen of Neo- caenyra gregorii, Btlr., which was caught by my colleague, our experi- ences were the same and I have not differentiated between our captures. The river itself, at the time we visited it, was only a small stream flowing through a dry, grassy plain dotted with thorn bushes, a narrow belt on either side of the stream itself being greener and with more varied vegetation. Part of the river flows through the Nairobi National Park, one of the Kenya Game Reserves, and our morning activities were confined to this section. We arrived at the meeting place shortly before eleven, and, on get- ting out of our cars, were met by numbers of an orange-tipped, yellow 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/1TX/1948 butterfly and a white species. The former turned out to be Teracolus auxo Lucas, incretus, Btlr., and proved to be about the commonest species of the day; the whites proved to belong to three species, although very similar on the wing, Glycesthes severina, Cr., G. gidica, Cr., and Anapheis aurota, F. (Belenois mesentina, Cr.), and of these G. severina was almost as common as 7. auro. 13.vi11.46) 1947 0(1) 3(3) 4(4) 3(5) 0(1) (3.v.47—>27.vi1.47) 1948 0(6) iL@)) 0(2) 0(3) — (1 9, 15.v.48) COLLECTING NOTES. 101 (April this year was warm and sunny and other Syrphids were as abundant as usual.) On 3rd July 1947 a number ot 2 2° were found hovering around fresh dung on pastureland and ovipositing on the undersides of neighbour- ing grass leaves. One leaf had two batches ot eggs (70 and approxi- mately 180 eggs), and another similar batches of 19 and 16 eggs. These latter all hatched out by 5th July, so the fertility of the adults (in this case, at least) in 1947 was normal. It may be significant that the larvae all died on the 5th, apparently from desiccation (although they were enclosed in a tube with some grass), and conditions may have been too dry locally for this species, which would account for its scarcity this year. Mr J. E. Collin and Mr H. W. Andrews have told me that Rhingiu was exceptionally common around Newmarket and Salisbury in 1947, but I believe numbers of this species were normal in the West Country. —B. R. Lavrence, 31 Sherwood Road, Luton, Beds. Earty APPEARANCE OF LIMENITIS CAMILLA.—I think I ought to record the very early appearance of the White Admiral here in the New Forest. I took two males on the 14th June and saw two more.—Cuas. B. An- TRAM. Cyrtipar (Diet.) 1x BeprorpsHIRE.—Records of this family are rela- tively scarce, so 1t is perhaps worth noting the occurrence of two species in Bedfordshire in 1948. On Ist August a male Oncodes gibbosus, ., was swept from herbage (Ranunculus flammula, L., Glyceria aquatica, Wahl., etc.) in a stream at Totternhoe. The locality is in a marshy field at the foot of the chalk scarp. On 4th August two male Acrocera globulus, Panz., were caught hovering around the writer’s head in one of the dry coombes in the Lower Chalk at Pegsdon, near Barton. One of these males was covered with pollen.—B. R. Laurence, 31 Sherwood Road, Luton, Beds. CURRENT NOTES. THE recent publication of the S. African Entomological Society con- tains an account of Assembly and subsequent mating of the large and beautiful Saturniid moth, Gyananisa maia by J. Sneyd Taylor, M.A., F.R.E.S., who is now Vice-President of the Society. There is a good figure of the 9 moth, which was 5} inches in expanse; the male is two- thirds the size. THe Amateur Entomologists’ Society has issued a most useful book to all lovers of Nature, ‘‘ A Directory of Natural History Societies,”’ which is inclusive of all the long existing Societies as well as the smaller private Societies, those held in connection with schools, and-those where a few are gathered together for a special object of investigation. This may be taken as a Report of the work which is in progress to train the mind by observation and thought. In fact it points to a tremendous amount of informal education in progress all over the country through these small centres continuous year after year with relays of new mem- bers. 102 -ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/1X/1948 Part 2, Vol. LX, Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., recently to hand contains a long memoir on the ‘‘ Aquatic Coleoptera of North Wales” by E. S. Brown, B.A., F.R.E.S. A RECENT publication in the Pruceedings of the U.S. National Museum is entitled ‘‘ Status of the Pyraustid Moths of the Genus Leucinodes in the New World,’’ with descriptions of new genera and species. This is illustrated by only one figure of an imago and a lot of outlines useless to the ordinary general entomologist. Part 3, Vol. 69, of Ent. Tidskrift (Sweden), contains a description with figures of three new forms of Saturnia (Hudia) pavoma by Felix Bryk. The names of these forms are ab. postrosea, ab. travenfelti, and ab. lappmarchica, all three females. This Heft also contained much in- teresting matter anticipating the International Congress to be held in Stockholm in August. Tuk attractive little Belgian Journal Lambillionea is this year begun to appear more regularly, a number every two months. The Jan.-Feb. 1-2 contains a long and illustrated article by J. Tlety, entitled ‘‘ The English Rhopalocerous Fauna and its Distribution on the Continent in the Regions nearest to England.’’ There are three maps. 1, The Zones studied; 2, The Temperature in January; 3, The Yearly Rainfall and Average in various of the Areas of England and the Continental Area chosen. After this general consideration has been explored, each species is dealt with shortly. March-April, 3-4, contains an article by J. Picard, on the Hesperi- idae found in the Department due Gard. with details of the species found in the area. Notes on the additions to the fauna ot Belgium are kept well up to date as of old in both this number as also in May-June, 5-6 number. This number contains the completion of the article on the Hesperiidae.—Hy. J. T. OBITUARY. It is with great regret that we have learned the news ot the death from cancer of Nikolai Yakovlevlievich Kuznetsov. The veteran lepidopterist, who celebrated the jubilee of his scientific activity four years ago, was one of the last survivors of that fine old school of Russian entomologists of the older generation. As most of his work was in Russian—generally with an abstract in English—-and usually concerned with the rich fauna of the vast Union, it was not familiar to the body of British entomolgists. His original article on the origin of the Arctic fauna, by which he really meant principally the Lepidoptera of Northern Siberia, appeared in English in condensed form in The Field in October and November 1938 and an abstract of an- other, on Lepidoptera preserved in amber, will be offered to our readers at a later date. He left several unfinished works, including one on fossil insects, a bereaved Academy of Science, which recently held a mourning meeting in his memory, and many friends who had the fortune to know that charming and accomplished entomologist,—M. B. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’ West Drive, Cheam. Wanted—A. vestilialis from all parts of the British coasts except south: also R. simulans and S. ravida (obscura). Cash or exchange.—A. H. Sperring. Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Havant, Hants. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, cr from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, - Somerset. Wanted.—I need specimens of Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all parts of the world, particularly Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, Madeira, Canaries, N. Africa, Middle East counties, and E. Africa; also varieties from British Isles or elsewhere. I will purchase these, or offer in exchange good vars. of British Lepidoptera or many sorts of foreign and exotic Lepidoptera.— P. Siviter Smith, 21 Melville Hall, Holly Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 146. Wanted for cash or exchange many species of ova, larvae or pupae, especially local forms and A. grossulariata from different localities, also Seitz Vol. 1 and Supplements to Vols. 1-4. Offers also, Tutt’s Practical Hinis, Parts 1 and 2, Buckler’s larvae, Vols. 1-6, and Tutt’s British Noctua, Vols. 2, 3 and 4.— Dr J. N. Pickard, F.R.S.E., 36 Storeys Way, Cambridge. Wanited.—Various monthly parts of Entomologisi’s Record for 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, and 1920. Please report any odd monthly parts (in wrappers as issued) prior to these years.—P. B. M. Allan, 4 Windhill, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. Wanted urgently for genetical purposes, pupae of Selenia tetralunaria.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Homefield, Cranleigh, Surrey. Wanted.—Various Books on Lepidoptera. Please send lists and price. Also wanted, Live Exotic and English Lepidopterous Material for cash or ex- change for similar material or Set English Imagines.—J. K. Goody, ‘‘ Wel- don,’ 26 Carr Wood Road, Bramhall, Ches. Sale or Exchange—R.E.S. Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— Trans., Vols. 1 and 2, Vol. 3, part 1. Proceed., Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, part 8. Trans Suffolk Naturalist Society, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 and 1928, 1941 and 1942. Ent. Mont. Mag., 1922, 1924-5, 1933-41. List on application—F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Endromis versicolora, pur- chase or exchange.—R. W. Parfitt, 1 Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. Wanted—Bristol board suitable for mounting Coleoptera. Also, Puton, A., 1878, “ Synopsis des Hémiptéres-Hétéroptéres de France. Badonnel, A., 1943, Faune de France, No. 42, Psocoptéres.—H. G. Stokes, 12 Roman Road, Salisbury, Wilts. Wanted for Cash.—Tutt’s British Butterflies, 1896: Transactions and Proceed- - ings Roya’: Ent. Soc. Ldn. (must be almost if not quite complete).—Lionel Higgins Linkwood, Woking. For Disposal.—Entomologist’s Record, Vols. 55 (1943) to 59 (1947) in parts, all in good condition. For cash, or in exchange for any of Dr Imms’ Textbooks of Entomology including the latest—Alan M. Maclaurin, Oldhall House, Kiit- macolm, Renfrewshire Wanted.—For the British Museum larval collection, larvae of Chrysomelid beetles, alive or preserved. Liberal exchange if required.—Dr S. Maulik, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Wanted—Ova. Preserved or Living Larvae and Pupae of English and Foreign Sphingidae, especially atrapos.—R. M. Rickard, Coningsby, Lincoln. For Disposal—Barbut (J.), The Genera Insectorum of Linnaeus, 1781 (including 2 Plain and 20 Coloured Plates); The Genera Vermium of Linnaeus, 1783 (in- cluding 11 Coloured Plates); The Genus Vermium of Linnaeus, Part 2, 1788 (including 1 Plain and 13 Coloured Plates); the three works in i volume. What offers? I would exchange the above for Haworth, Lepidoptera Britan- nica, ‘ 1803-1827.—_J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. Wanted to Purchase—African Section of Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera of the World, both Butterfly and Moth Volumes, either bound or in parts.—D. G. Sevasto- pulo, c/o Ralli Brothers Lid., P.O. Private Bag, Mombasa, Kenya Colon: UUroe Pilla — MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Royal Entomological Society of London, 414 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: September — ist, October 6th, at 5.30 p.m. South London Entomological and Natural — History Society, c/o Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.1; 2nd and — 4th Wednesdays; 6.0 for 6.30. London Natural History Society : Tuesdays, 6.30 — p.m., at London School of Hygiene or Art-Workers’ Guild Hall. Syllabus of — Meetings from General Secretary, H. A. Toombs, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Crom- — well Road, S.W.7. Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society— a Entomological Section: Last Friday in month, at 7 p.m., at the Birmingham 4 Museum and Art Gallery. Particulars from the Hon. Secretary, G. B. Manly, ~ 72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14. yee Peat? TO OUR READERS. Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—Eds. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 2 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. Change of Address :—The temporary address of Mr Kenneth J. Hayward of — Tucuman will be, as from September, c/o Dept. of Entomology, British Museum © of Natural History, London, S.W.7. Communications received :—Thomas Greer, Fergus J. O’Rourke, O. Querci, . H. Donisthorpe, Malcolm Burr, Surg.-Lt. Comm. H. M. Darlow, D. G. Sevastopulo, D. Fearnehough, R. J. R. Levett, E. C. S. Blathwayt, E. P. Wiltshire, A. E. Wright. All Communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,’’ % West Drive, Cheam. If you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIS or PHLAEAS, you can be interested for life in their British aberrations by — obtaining “THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADDENDA,” — PRICE £2 10s, post free, direct from :— THE RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, LTD., Yelverton Road, Bournemouth, Hampshire. Strongly covered and magnificently produced with 18 plates of 402 figures, 96 in colour. Letterpress 144 large pages of superior paper. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. _ Published Quarterly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., | Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 10/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. | All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. Printed by T. Buncle & Co., I-td., Arbroath. OCTOBER 1948 OGISTS RECORD ~ AND 7 OF VARIATION Lei J > J NGV 190 [948 JOURNA 4 MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. WM. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.ES. E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., F.R.C.P., F.R.ES. J. E. Coun, J.P., FRES. See Be Ge H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.ES. | H. B. Wiiams, K.C., LL.D., F.R.ES. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. (Sub-Editor), ** Rodborough Fort,’ Stroud, Glos. HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Editorial Secretary). CONTENTS. FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. IV. ANKARA, Malcolm Burr, D.SC., NOTES ON MIGRANTS AND LIGHT IN NORTH SOMERSET DURING 1947, Ea Ea reat Fi Fe Shh Re ae rR oe rage Rg, AR ce a COLLECTING NOTES: Rhingia campestris, Mg., and Syrphus balteatus, De ' Geer, H. W. Andrews; Cucullia absinthii in the Midlands, G. B. Manly; A Rare Dipteron, S. Wakely; Belated Larvae of the Poplar Hawk Moth, W. J. Finnigan; Scarcity of Rhingia campestris, Mg., Bernard Verd- court ae a a tee os eee aw sa oe oss ee sear t SOM BRNGE CORES ey SE ei ery i ke ee Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS. To be sent to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.ES., The Rookery, Breamore, Fordingbridge, Hants Perea ME nat CNS nese neh hraeg Sera Op OR ei | a A es This Number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). Established 1879. Telephone: Temple Bar 9481. WATKINS & DONCASTER (R. L. E. FORD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.), PROPRIETORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CO., 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). ENTOMOLOGISTS. TAXIDERMISTS. 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Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application. YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.io, ‘Phone: WILLESyEN 0309, ais. COMP. ZOOL. | LIBRARY FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. IV. ANKARA. 103 FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA IV. ANKARA. By Matcoum Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. BV 10 [948 HARYARD UNIVERSITY The plateau of central Anatolia is a world apart with a fascinating fauna. J had had a good view of the birds in 1946, but that was in April, far too eariy for Orthoptera, and I was hoping to make the acquaintance of the steppe-plateau fauna on this occasion. Peter Davis had reported that the place was full of life early in July, but by the time I reached Ankara August was well on and I was afraid I should be too late. It was August 11th when I arrived, on the eve of the bayram, or holiday with which our Turkish friends celebrate the close of the long fast of Ramazan. | was lucky enough to get a day in the field with Tevfik Karabagh, the keen young Turkish orthopterist who thas already done good work, before he was caught up in the celebrations, which last three days. With some other Turkish friends he took me on an excursion to a place called Hadj Kadin. Deresi, that is Lady Pilgrim Dell, one of those narrow brooks which provide the only green stripes in this arid, treeless region. Davis had reported that this pleasant little locality with a romantic name had been full of life a month earlier and that the open ground was teeming with little mammals like stoats. These, of course, were susliks, Citellus, which I had seen in swarms by the roadside in April, but by 138th August, the day of our excursion, they had all gone into aestivation. That was a pity, as these Jolly little chaps, which afford the ‘‘ basic industry ’’ for the foxes and birds of prey, add a touch of liveliness to the scene. As we walked down into the dell, I picked up some of that beauti- ful grasshopper Oedipoda aurea with golden wings, that I had first seen on Boz Dagh; it has been recorded, I believe, only or at least princi- pally from limestone, but the country here consists of metamorphic schists, In the dell itself there is a fairly rich flora, of willows, almond, hazel, oak and other bushes, while higher ground was covered with vines, mulberries, walnut trees and no doubt other fruit. At once I saw several butterflies on the wing, a number of blues, but none very dis- tinctive, nothing recalling the glories of L. bellargus and L. coridon; there was a big Satyrid, probably S. briseis, flitting ghost-like among the trees. There were not many Orthoptera. A couple of females of Bucephalop- tera bucephala, that 1 had found abundant round Salonika and com- mon enough by the Bosphorus and a single male Incertana incerta, which seems to have an eastern distribution, for I do not think it ex- tends far west of the Bosphorus, where it is the commonest Decticid, and I took it in the south. Also a singie Rhacocleis turcicus, a regular Anatolian species. Of other Tettigonids, I saw only plenty of the ubi- quitous Mediterranean Tylopsis liifolia, both forms, the green and the marbled. The only cricket spotted was a single female of Oecanthus pellucens. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X/1948 A little clump of Suponaria officinalis produced Forficula hincksit, Burr. I was glad of this, as it verified my identification of a fragment that Davis had found among his flower presses and so fixes its range from the south coast of Anatolia, where Professor Kosswig discovered it, at least as far north as Ankara. The clump was full of them, but I did not find them anywhere else, nor any other earwigs except a temale F. auricularia in the car when we reached home. Of grasshoppers, there were some Acrotylus and Oedipoda coerules- cens, with some unusually pale and small males, and Oed. miniata, Pall. (=gratiosa, Serv.), which seemed to be of a rosier pink than the Bos- phorus specimens. There was what I take to be Chorthippus biguttulus, L., and a small specimen that I could not name. No Mantids nor Blat- tids were seen. Of other insects, not much moving. The nearly dry streamlet was the home of some delicate Agrionids and a couple of pale yellowish Synpetrum. Myrmicaleo seemed surprisingly strong on the wing. Rhynchota seemed more numerous than on the Bosphorus, but all had a homely look. On August 14th I returned to the dell alone. As I walked across the desiccated open ground, dotted with dry, blue Eryngiwm, it all seemed lifeless, but on reaching the edge of the dell there were clusters of almond, oak, Osyris, frequented by the usual dull Lycaenas, with heaths that looked to me like CU. pamphilus, browns that looked lke H. jurtina and S. semele and S. briseis. In the dell itself I worked hard, but saw only two Decticids, a Platycleis and B. bucephala. Of grasshoppers, a few Ch. biguttulus, [ think, and Dociostaurus brevi- collis, Ev. A single Oed. aurea. I was surprised that there was no sign of Calliptamus, or Pezotettix; this was disappointing, as here the Mediterranean P. giornae is replaced by another species, anatolicus. Not a sign of a dragonfiy nor of a Myrmecaleo that day, but a single female Tett. viridissima, not yet hard, without a trace of green on it. A single male Mantis religiosa, fresh and green. Beneath a big stone found a ‘‘ Bosphorus beetle,’ Procrustes gigas. The purple monster was doing his duty, for he was half-buried inside a snail, Helix aspersa. Higher up there was a little water in the streamlet, with a mud turtle, and. a single land tortoise near by, Testudo graeca. The former is in- teresting, which I did not know at the time and so did not take a speci- men; in Turkey there are two species, Clemmys caspica, which I used to know in Russian Azerbaidjan, and Cl. rivulata. The ranges of the two species overlap in the neighbourhood of Ankara and they are found together in the local lakes. Also found a single larva of Ameles sp., the little Hast Mediterranean Mantid with conical eyes that haunts arid hillsides, and a single Pezotettix anatolicus. Another dell, watered by a sluggish stream with milky water, seemed attractive, so I went there the next day, but could not find any trace of life except a few frogs. The cause of the milkiness is probably an outlet of some paper mill. There was not the sign of a Neuropteron or dragonfly and sweeping in the thin herbage along the bank produced only a few Rhynchota and Coleoptera. Disappointed, I climbed out on to the arid hillside. There was a little herbage, Hryngium, spurge, almond shrubs, and an occasional brown butterfly. The sky was cloudy / NOTES ON MIGRANTS AND LIGHT IN NORTH SOMERSET DURING 1947. 105 and the breeze was strong. Later in the afternoon a few Orthoptera put in an appearance, a few Oed. coerulescens, aurea and miniata, Cal- liptamus tenuicercis, Tarb., and a larva of Empusa. Then back to the market gardens alongside the brook. Here on the mud was a Tri- dactylus. A farewell visit to Hadji Kadin Deresi provided the same things. On this occasion it was rewarded by a single Platecleis, I think inter- media. This scarcity of individuals seems strange, as in Macedonia*I used to catch them by the dozen. On the 17th I spent the afternoon on another arid hillside, on the flanks of the brook Kayash, a typical gallery-formation, with gardens and plantations, with good-sized villages that profit by the unwonted moisture and verdure. The hillside was very stony and steep, with small clumps of spurge. Eryngium, Acantholimum, with rich dark green patches of the sprawl- ing Prosopis. Here there seemed to be hardly any living thing, but hard work and patience were rewarded by the capture of two, out of half-a-dozen seen, Riacocleis turcicus, Uv., and Charora pentagram- mica, I. Bol., both typica] Anatolian species, the latter an Oedipodid. Uvarov found this interesting species common on the higher slopes of the voleanic hills south-west of Ankara. This was unfamiliar to me, a small, grey grasshopper, with smoky wings and a black stigma on the costal margin, an unusual feature; also a very small Omocestus, a Chorthippus resembling, bicolor, one or two Oedipoda aurea and coe- rulescens, Notastaurus anatolicus, Kr., and a few Cal. tenuicercis, which seemed unusualy small. Two hours’ hard work on that sun-baked hill- side yielded 28 specimens only, representing half-a-dozen species. On the 18th I walked over the hills by the village of Keciéren, but found nothing at all moving till I came to a brooklet with a garden with the usual fruit trees and maize patches. Here in a tiny patch of bog a single Tridactylus, which made me wonder how he got there; the patch was only 8 ft. across and there was not another of them to be seen. Here I worked hard for an hour or so, and produced Ch. bicolor, Oed. aurea, Oed, coerulescens, Call. tenwicercis and the Tri- dactylus. I saw a wasp, Sphex, I think, hawking around the seepages of water, where it settled as though for a drink, but I did not see it eatch anything. No dragonflies, but a single Myrmicaleo. The only butterfly other than the usual blues and browns was a small Leuco- phasia. During my visit to Ankara I did not see a single Vanessid, Argynnis or Papilio, except in the town gardens, where the Zinnias attracted P. podalirius and A. pandora. The following day I left for Zonguldak. (To be continued.) NOTES ON MIGRANTS AND LIGHT IN NORTH SOMERSET DURING 1947, By J. F. Brro, F.R.E.S. Of the migrant lepidoptera observed in North Somerset during 1947, Colias croceus was, naturally, the most conspicuous. The first one seen by us was, I think, a male, on 29th May, curiously enough travelling 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X/1948 rapidly in a south-westerly direction; and our last record was one seen passing over our garden on 5th November. They appeared singly throughout June, but by August had become so plentiful that it was not unusual to see them in the streets and visiting the flowers in the gar- dens of the town. At first the females were rarely observed, but became more and more prominent as the season advanced. The var. helice was practically, if not quite, absent in the Clevedon area, and only two doubtful specimens were noticed. In contrast, we found this variety commonly between 11th and 24th October during two visits to Teign- mouth, in South Devon, where the white pallida form, and specimens approaching it, were predominant. So far as I have been able to ascertain, Rhodometra sacraria has not been recorded in Somerset prior to 1947, when at least five were ob- tained in various parts of the county, including one male taken by my son (H.W.B.) near Clevedon on 27th September. A search for more in our district proved unavailing. Three specimens of Laphygma. exigua were attracted into the house by light between 31st July and Ist September. Also attracted by the same means was an abundance of Nycterosea obstipata, often several in a night, from 3lst May until Ist September, the greatest number dur- ing August. Having heard of the capture of others at Weston-super- Mare, it surprised me to read in the Hntomologist (Ixxxi, 114) that Capt. Dannreuther credits Somerset with only five specimens during the year. Phlyctaenia ferrugalis was abundant as usual at light between 2nd June until 7th November; but Nomophala noctuella, though very com- mon, had a comparatively short season from 13th May to 3rd Septem- ber. Our earliest and latest records for the latter at Clevedon are 25.111.40 and 23.x.46. Light was most uncertain, but we did have a few very attractive nights; for instance, on 14th July, when we recorded 80 species of “‘ macros ’’ and 10 of Pyrales. Amongst our captures at light during the year were: Hilema complana; EF. griseola, var. flava; Comacla senex, mostly males, arrived in numbers on 14th July; Phragmatobia fuli- ginosa, numerous dos; Arctia caja, several, including two contrasting varieties, one with the chocolate markings much reduced, and the other exactly the reverse; Craniophora ligustri, two, one a beautiful specimen of ab. olivacea; Coenobia rufa, a few; Pyrrhia umbra; Areno- stola fluxa, two 9s; A. pygmina, several of both sexes; Parastichtis ypsilon; Cucullia umbratica, three, the first we have recorded at light; Xylena vetusta, one S$; Graptolitha ornitopus; Bombycia viminalis ; Leucania pudorina, one 2, also obtained commonly at dusk on a marshy moor [When arranging these in the cabinet I was interested to find that the Somerset race is, on the whole, noticeably larger than a series taken by my father at Wicken, thirty-eight years ago.|]; Hadena con- spersa; H. chenopodii; Heliophobus sordidus; Ceramica pisi; Ophiusa pastinum, several, also plentiful in suitable localities at dusk, going to the bloom of Hupatorium and rushes; Plusia festucae, two; Lewcoma salicis, one ¢, not common in Somerset; Lymantria monacha, a few; Sterrha trigeminata; Scopula immutata; Geometra papilionaria, three 3s; Gymnoscelis pwmilata, abundant, and including one ab. rufifasciata ; COLLECTING NOTES. 107 Eupithecia valerianata; EF. linariata, 2nd gen. on 9th August; EH. casti- gata, one or two melanic specimens; EF. isogrammaria; EH. sobrinata; E. nanata, one, probably strayed from some distant heath; Horisme vital- hata, a few of each generation; Philereme transversata; Perizoma bifasciata and P. alchemillata, a few of each; Discoloxia blomeri; Cleora rhomboidaria, one ab. rebeli 3, on 17th June, and a small pair, ¢ and 2, not quite so black, on 4th October, presumably individuals of a 2nd gen.; Bapta bimaculata, a freshly-emerged specimen of a partial 2nd gen., on 9th August; Ourapteryx sambucaria, ab. cuspidaria, a small example of a 2nd gen., on 12th October; Crocallis elinguaria, a lovely variety with the median band on the forewings reduced to an extremely narrow V; Deilephila elpenor; Sphinx ligustri, several; Smerinthus ocellatus; Notodonta dromedarius; Pheosia gnoma, both generations ; P. tremala; Drepana cultraria, 2nd gen.; D. binaria, a few during July; Gastropacha quercifolia, two 3s; and Zeuzera pyrina, one o. Amongst the Pyraloidea attracted were: Salebria fusca; Homoeéosoma hinaevella; several of the Crambidae, the best being Crambus margari- tellus, taken by my son (H.W.B.) on 14th July, an addition to the Somerset list, and which, according to Barrett, should not occur south of Warwickshire, although Meyrick gives Devon; Acentropus niveus, a good number of both sexes on 27th and 29th July, when an unsuc- cessful attempt was made to induce some of the Qs to oviposit on plants in an aquarium; Schoenobius forficellus, swarmed, especially on the night of 17th June, the great majority being Qs, varying considerably in size and shading; Nymphula stagnata; Perinephela lancealis; Phlyctaenia fuscalis; Mecyna asinalis; and Platyptilia punctidactyla. In conclusion, I would like to mention the capture of Hupithecia albi- punctata, ab. angelicata and Semiothisa liturata, ab. nigrofulvata, both netted by my son (H.W.B.) at dusk near Clevedon. He also found, much to his surprise, a larva of Notodonta dromedarius on 31st Octo- ber, feeding on sallow, a remarkable foodplant for the species. This belated larva spun up on 5th November, and the imago duly emerged on 2nd April 1948. Redclyffe, Walton St Mary, Clevedon, Somerset. COLLECTING NOTES. RHINGIA CAMPESTRIS, Ma., AND SyRPHUS BALTEATUS, Dr Grer.—I was interested to read Mr B. R. Laurence’s note in the September issue of this magazine. I can confirm his statement as to the excessive abund- ance of R. campestris round about Salisbury in 1947. Here (at Brea- more, Fordingbridge), where I came in the latter half of May this year, I saw hardly any until about mid-July. Thence onwards it was in evi- dence now and again, but it did not occur nearly as commonly as it used to in my old collecting grounds in the N. Kent district. Its place as a common Syrphid was, however, taken by Syrphus balteatus. This species is, of course, always common, but I have never seen it in so great numbers as it was this summer. It swarmed on Umbelliferae, and was a nuisance hovering round trees and shrubs. Its numbers kept up well into September, but in the last week or so it has practically disappeared.—H. W. ANDREWS. 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X/1948 CUCULLIA ABSINTHII IN THE MipLanps.—Since reporting, in July, the sapture of several specimens of Cucullia absinthi in the Midlands, it has been found that the larvae are very common in and around Bir- mingham. Almost every patch of Artemisia absinthiwm, in widely separated areas, has yielded a large number of larvae. Has the insect been previously overlooked or has it only lately extended its range to the MidlandsP—G. B. Manty, 72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Bir- mingham, 14, 9th September 1948. A. Rare Diereron.—I took a fine specimen of Volucella zonaria, Poda, here at Herne Hill on 3rd July, and I have another taken this year in the Isle of Wight.—S. WakeE.y, 38 Stradella Road, Herne Hill, Lon- don, S.E.24. BELATED LARVAE OF THE PopLtAaR Hawk Morn.—At Bookham on 5th September I came across several larvae of L. populi, so I suppose there has been a second brood of this moth in this somewhat poor and re- markable vear.—W. J. Finnigan, 87 Wickham Avenue, Cheam. SCARCITY OF Ruinci1a caMPEsTRIS, Me. (Dipt., SyrPHipar).—Further to Mr Laurence’s note on this subject (antea, p. 100) I too have noticed the scarcity of Rhingia this year. I do not make a point of collecting flies but nevertheless do notice the commoner and less critical species. During 1947 it was quite common in Bedfordshire, but I particularly noticed its abundance on the Norfolk Broads, at Acle Dyke, during August 1946. Every fiower of Calystegia sepium (L.), R. Br., seemed to contain an individual of this species. The only two specimens which 1 have seen this year at all are:—1, Litany Path, Totternhoe, 1st August; and 1, Wavendon Heath, 4th September (both Bedfordshire).— Brrnarp VeRpcourtT, 86 Claremont Road, Luton, Bedfordshire. CURRENT NOTES. THE current issue of the Trans. of the Soc. for Brit. Entom., vol. Ix, pt. 3, contains a paper (with an extremely long title) on the Aquatic Hemiptera-Heteroptera, the Water Bugs, found in the Scottish High- lands and the East and South of England. This is one of those useful series of records of collecting, so useful for other naturalists, as a basis of their own field work as well as for those dealing with the Group as a whole. THE completion of the Bol. Hntom. Venezolana, vol. vi (1947), re- cently issued, contains articles on Diptera, Mallophaga, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and the description of a new species of flea. There are 161 pages and 2 plates and numerous text figures. The matter is in English. OccASIONALLY we like to cal! attention to the Journal of the Society which does so much ‘‘ to keep the road clear ’’ for us lovers of the wild, viz., The Journal of the Commons, Open Spaces, and Footpaths Pre- CURRENT NOTES. 109 servation Society. All who can should ‘‘ join in the fray ’’ and induce their Society to join as well. The current number gives a section of the Ordnance Survey Map around Ormskirk, a Report on the New Forest “Committee, 1947, and other matters in hand. THe two Entomological Magazines of Sweden, Opuscula Entomo- logica and Ent. Tidskrift, both come regularly. Some of the articles are in English and some have a Summary of an article in English. Vol. xiii, pt. 2, 1948, of the former has an article, ‘‘ A Few Words on Entomology in the University of Lund ”’ (English). The next paper is on Diptera, in German. A memoir on a new Cockroach from W. Africa is in German. The next article is in English, a biological discussion. Another article in English follows, dealing with a new species of the Odonata, with notes on the group Anisogomphus. The shorter contribu- tions are mainly in English, with an odd note or two in English and German.—Hy. J. T. In looking through many magazines from many countries it makes one sorry to see so much space filled with scratchy illustrations of new species very often with no indication of what the insect is like. This “ slipshod ’? work is of practically no use except to one who is a good worker with his microscope, and where there is no other definite description the species should be labelled ‘‘ Genitalia Species.’? The Nature lover can then bye-pass it without further struggle and waste of valuable time.—-Hy. J. T. THe Hnt. News of America, April No., recently issued, contains the Obituary of the late T. D. A. Cockerell, of Colorado, who was, I be- heve, a member of the S. London Ent. and N.H. Socy. many years ago. His health compelled him to seek a dry climate and he took a post in the young University of a city in the extreme S. West corner of the United States. His study was the Hymenoptera, and his in- terest was in his garden. Two years ago he wrote me renewing our acquaintance, enclosing a portrait of himself and his wife. He was at the time arranging to go to Honduras in 1947. He was then 80 years of age. The Pan Pacific Entomologist, vol. xxiv (1948), No. 2, contains articles on a large number of obscure, little known or new insects, without indication of the Orders to which they belong. There is an obituary of S. F. Light, whose whole life was spent in entomological work and surroundings, and a memoir on the swarming of a species of Termite. Tue indefatigable Capt. Dannreuther has sent us a proot of a com- prehensive Report the is presenting to the §.E.U.S.S. of the results of the mass of records assembled on the migration of the Lepidoptera during the past 20 years. These statistics show definitely that of the real migrants of which these islands or some districts of them may be in- cluded in ‘ their area of distribution,’’ we can always expect to see V. cardui, V. atalante and C. croceus of the Butterflies; A. atropos, 110 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X/1948 H. convolvuli and M. stellatarwm of the Hawkmoths; and Plusia ganna of the Noctuidue. Of the Micros, N. noctuellu is the only regularly reported migrant. The remainder of the species listed may be considered as casual visi- tors rarely recorded in double figure numbers and not expected each year and more rarely a recognizable mass as in the case of the regular migrants. A. atropos is almost invariably a migrant to the N.K. of England from the Lowlands of the Continent. The species of Lepidoptera listed as migratory other than those men- tioned by me ‘ as casuals *’? are:— Burrerriigs.—D. urchippus (plexippus), N. antiopa, A. luthowia, L. boeticus, C. hyale and P. daplidice. Hawxmorus.—C. euphorbiae, CU. galii and CU. livornica. Nocrvurpar.—L. wnipuncta, L. vitellinu (?> may be an irregular migrant), L. albipwicta, L. l-album, C. ambigua, L. exigua, H. aurni- gera, H. peltigera and CU. fraxti. Erce.—U. pulchella, RB. sacraria, N, obstipatu and H. ferruginella. We expected more matter to come in for October. First a series of Current Notes from others (signed, of course). Many incidents affect- ing entomology happen of which we have no knowledge. Then I did hope to obtain a short report of the Meeting in Sweden of the Inter- national Congress of Entomology. The difficulty of sending money abroad prevented subscribing and obtaining the publication to be issued in due course. I believe my colleague, Mr T. B. Fletcher, would have gone if it had not been for the repeated attacks of illness he suffered. In preparing Notes for the Noctuid species I am giving accounts of in the Hnt. Record I found this reference in Treit., Schmett., Vol. V (3) of Syngrapha (Plusia) interrogationis; ‘* Donavan. Nat. Hist., UU, plt. Ixv, f. 1.’ Of course, it should be Donovan, but worse than that. The insect referred to had the name interrogationa and was diagnosed and described as a Tortrix, taken in Kent, and very rare. The figure, of which I have two copies, is not a Plusia in appearance. Can any- one inform us what had become of this species. It appears in no list or Catalogue, Staudinger, Barrett, Meyrick, Haworth, Duponchel and many other books and records I have. The date of Donovan is 1793. The reference was taken from Treit., Schmett., V (8) (1829). Our contributor, D. G. Sevastopulo, who sent us the attractive article published in the September number, is now stationed by his firm in British East Africa. He will probably be centred in Nairobi, to be accessible for Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika, where his work will lie. He was able to name all his captures by the fine collection of the native Rhopalocera in the Museum at Nairobi, a fine collection asseinbled under the supervision ot the many representatives of the Oxford University in the early years of the present century EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ~ Latemar,’ West Drive,- Cheam. Wanted—A. vestilialis from all parts of the British coasts except south: also R. simulans and S. ravida (obscura). Cash or exchange.—A. H. Sperring, Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Havant, Hants. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, CT from any other animal—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. Wanted.—I need specimens of Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all parts of the world, particularly Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, Madeira, Canaries, N. Africa, Middle East counties, and E. 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Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— Erans., Vos. and 2=Vol. 3, part’ 1— -Proceed:, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2; part 3. Trans Suffolk Naturalist Society, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 and 1928, 1941 and 1942. Ent. Mont. Mag., 1922, 1924-5, 1933-41. List on application.—_F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Endromis versicolora, pur- chase or exchange.—R. W. Parfitt, 1 Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. Wanted—Bristol board suitable for mounting Coleoptera. Also, Puton, A., 1878, ‘‘ Synopsis des Hémiptéres-Hétéroptéres de France. Badonnel, A., 1943, Faune de France, No. 42, Psocoptéres.—H. G. Stokes, 12 Roman Road, Salisbury, Wilts. For Disposal.—Entomologist’s Record, Vols. 55 (1943) to 59 (1947) in parts, all in good condition. 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TURNER, “ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. : If you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIS — or PHLAEAS, you can be interested for life in their British aberrations by © obtaining i ‘THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADDENDA,” PRICE £2 10s, post free, direct from :— THE RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, LTD., Yelverton Road, Bournemouth, Hampshire. Strongly covered and magnificently produced with 18 plates of 402 figures, 96 in — colour. Letterpress 144 large pages of superior paper. A. GLANZ BUTTERFLY WORLD SUPPLY HOUSE, 289 East 98th Street, Brooklyn, 12. N.Y. U.S.A. WANTED FOR CASH OR EXCHANGE: BUTTERFLIES (Collected or Bred) FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA. Printed by T. Buncle & Co., L.td., Arbroath. —— oe g Noo F3 NOVEMBER 1948 RECORD NT OMOLOGISTS ] AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Wec 13 1919 | } MaLcoLm BurR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. WM. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.ESS. E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J-P., F-R.ES. ee Core: H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. H. B. WILLIAMS, K.C., LL.D., F.R.E-S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.LS., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. (Sub-Editor), **Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. 1 ‘, : | HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Editorial Secretary). I 1 CONTENTS. A NEW RACE OF COENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS, L., FROM THE HEBRIDES, | = J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.RS., .. — .. ean, Seni Chee ayes tel i 4 | FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. V. ZONGULDAK, Malcolm Burr, D.SC., } . COLLECTING NOTES: Phalonia dipoltella, Hb., at Southampton, Wm. Fass- nidge; Gracillaria cuculipennella, Hb., in Hampshire, Jd.; Volucella zon- aria (Dipt.), Cecil M. Gummer; Colias croceus at Swanage, Leonard Tatchell; Discrepancy of Sex in Recorded Captures of Volucella zonaria, ; I | Poda, H. W. Andrews, Be ee Ga aN a ie fe om ea diag "1155 |) CURRENT NOTES, SCS i eae AE ae we ieee CaN at raed pee 57 } | SUPPLEMENT. |} The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., | F.R.H.S., ee se ae Ae oS we 2 2 cat eZ ... 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YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.io, ’Phene: WILLESDEN 0309 = ee era een DEY 13 1948 A NEW RACE OF COENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS, L., FROM THE HEBRIDES. 111 A NEW RACE OF COENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS, L., FROM THE HEBRIDES, By J. W. Hesiop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S. During the past few years, | have devoted a considerable amount of time to a study of the geographical variation of the Large Heath butterfly (Coenonympha tullia, Miill.). A similar study of its congener, CG. pamphilus, L., was neglected because, like Ford (Butterflies, p. 298), I had always assumed that the Small Heath was ‘‘ everywhere almost identical, though slightly paler in Scotland.” However, in June this year, I Balleet on a longish series of C. pamphilus on the Isle of Rhum, and later, in July, a second lot from the Blackhall Rocks, Co. Durham. In addition to these specimens, I was already in possession of a good series of the same species from various Yorkshire stations. When com- parisons were made, it immediately became clear that, in general facies, the whole of the English insects agreed whilst, no matter whence they came, all were markedly different from the Rhum lot. As a matter of fact, it was obvious that the differences between Rhum and Northern English specimens were of the same order as those existing between examples of the related C. tullia from the same two areas. When I realized these facts, I recalled that that keen student of variation, Dr Roger Verity, had described (Bulletino della Societa Entomologica [taliuna, xlii, p. 271, 1911) a race scota purporting to be from the north coast of Scotland. This race he states (Wntomologist’s Record, xxviii, p. 173, 1916), most emphatically, to possess an “‘ exces- sively broad yellowish-white space on the underside, which in its fore part extends, both on the forewings and hindwings, as far as the ocellus or the ocelli.”’ In these respects there is total disagreement between Verity’s description of his scota and my Rhum series of C. panphilus. In fact, I feel certain that, Just as in the case of his Pararge megera, race caledonia, Verity has, by some lapsus, recorded northern English specimens as from the ‘‘ far north of Scotland.’ This opinion receives support from the circumstance that my Blackhall Rocks examples fit the description of scotu in every respect. This leaves the Hebridean race of CU. pumphilus without a name, and I therefore describe it as: ' Coenonympha pamphilus, race rhoumensis, Forewings: on the underside with a duller brown ground colour and with the pale area around the ocellus narrower than in northern Eng- lish specimens of the species. Hindwings: on the underside English examples have the ground broken into three areas, a basal brownish portion tending to chestnut, a conspicuous yellowish-white median band, often quite broad, and a terminal or marginal band in which are to be seen the obsolescent brownish ocelli. In race rhoumensis the basal section is more or less grey sprinkled, its vestiture of greyish hairs pre- venting its ever appearing of a brown hue, whilst the inconspicuous median band, reduced in width and often obsolescent, especially toward the inner margin, is also of a greyer colour merging into that of the grey terminal band. Ocelli also greyer than in English specimens. On 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/XI/1948 the whole, race rhoumensis tends to agree in the uniformity of its under- side colouration with the race scotica, Stgr., of the allied species C. tullia. Holotype 3, allotype 2 and 5 paratype do, Isle of Rhum, 9th-12th June; collected by J.W.H.H. and being deposited in the Hope Depart- ment, University Museum, Oxford. eee FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. V. ZONGULDAK, By Maucotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. Pity Vale ie: Ve Zongeuldak is in the heart of Turkey’s Black Country. It is on the north coast, a little colliery town, with the smell of coal dust in your nostrils on alighting from the train. In several ways it recalls Dover, on a smaller scale, a little port surrounded by hills, through which there is only one road leading out into the interior. But the hills around are not of chalk; they are of Carboniferous shales and sandstones, riddled with adits where primitive workings thave sought the coal seams that crop out around. When I awoke in the wagon-lit the morning after leaving Ankara, { found myself in another world. From a treeless plateau J had come to hilly forests, with wide open spaces of green fields and even hedges, with a vegetation that at first glance looked familiar. But a closer inspection showed it was not England after all, for the chief crop was maize and the big trees were planes, the shrubs chiefly bay, and, above all, Rhododendron, which here must be near the western limit of its distribution. The shrub flora consisted also of Hrica arborea, bracken, plenty of Cistus, both pink and white, and I found a single specimen of Digitalis ferruginea, that I had understood was endemic on Uludagh. It is a poor thing after our own fine foxgloves, with dull yellow flowers. The train runs along the coast, past the estuary of a little river, the Filyos chayi, then through a series of tunnels alongside the coast, again recalling the line from Folkestone to Dover, into the little bay of Zonguldak. It was 20th August. The country looked promising, where I should find a different fauna and, I hoped, some interesting Decticids, which had always had a warm corner in my heart. After lunch some local friends ran me out in a car up the single road that takes one out of the town, up a little valley cut by a brook with a trickle of water, irridescent with oil, trickling over black sand. Nothing could live in that stuff, I thought. I saw a blue dragonfly, Sympetrum, I think, but he was too clever for me. He must have been reared in one of the occasional pools of uncontamin- ated water. There were a few patches of sand, with clumps of Persi- caria, Where IT found Paratettix meridionalis and Tridactylus, typical Mediterranean species. I then climbed a steep hill of sandstone covered with thick bush of Erica, Rhododendron and bracken, Sambucus ebule with its black clus- ters of berries and masses of Cistus. It must be a lovely sight when all is in flower. Higher up there were thick clusters of beech, with curious pyramidical galls. But with all this exuberance of vegetation VOL. axe PAGE E, 6 BITTER ALMOND FOREST NEAR FETHIYE. FOREST OF PINUS BRUTEA, SOUTH COAST OF TURKEY. FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. V. ZONGULDAK. 113 there was little visible animal life. The only birds I saw were a few wagtails near the brook and plenty of grey crows. Butterflies were not much in evidence. A single P. podalirius and a few charming little Melitaea graced the scene, with one or two S. aegeria, P. rapae and P. brassicae and C. pamphilus or closely related species. Not a sign of a blue, copper or skipper. Orthoptera also were not numerous. I worked hard, beating and sweeping, but all I got were a few Arachnocephalus in the wispy grass and on a patch of stony ground Acrydiwm depressum ; Oedipoda caerules- cens common on open ground and a single Acrotylus gave a flash of pink. There were one or two grasshoppers, a few of the universa! Chorthippus of the biguttulus group, a pair of Omocestus ventralis, a good many Acrida turrita, mostly of the grey-brown form, taking to wing freely, a fair number of Calliptamus, but in the field I could not be certain which species, and Pezotettix giornae; a single larva of Ana- cridium aegyptium. The only Tettigonid was a female Phaneroptera, presumably quadripunctata. There was not a species that is not com- mon all the way from here to Gibraltar, and, what disappointed and surprised me, not a sign of a Decticid. The only thing that was interesting was a single earwig, F. auri- cularia, a male, in which there was scarcely any basal dilatation of the forceps, that part being represented by a vestige of a prominence or blunt tooth quite near the. base, while the specific tooth was well de- veloped, further down. I worked hard to find another, as I was in- terested to see whether it were a local race or a freak. In the old days it would have been described as a new species. It was an interesting specimen, normally coloured though rather pale, macrolabious; the for- ceps seeemed unusually slender. The only other earwig that rewarded my efforts was a female, very dark in colour, the elytra and wings almost black, like those in the Embassy garden in Istanbul, contrast- ing with my interesting pale male. The next day my friend Kemal Bey, who loaded me with typical Turkish hospitality, motored me to the top of the highest hill in the district. It was a mass of dense thickets of beech, festooned with creepers with heart-shaped leaves and vicious spines. The place looked suitable for Decticids, especially in the occasional clearings, but in spite of all my efforts | did not see a sign of one. The beeches were all smali, the result, I suppose, of deforestation, varied with a few equally scraggyv oaks with the same thick undergrowth as lower down and a carpet of St John’s Wort lke an English shrubbery. Here and there were open clearings with Oedipoda caerulescens and Calliptamus, a few Atolopus strepens, a very small Chorthippus like biguttulus, some Acrotylus insubricus and a pair of Omocestus ventralis. At one spot an Hetobius, lividus. A single Arachnocephalus and one Oecanthus pellucens. The not very exciting day was cut short by the closing of the roads for military manoeuvres, so I was confined to town for the afternoon. It was possible to get out of the town by rail, so next day I under- took an excursion to Filyos, about 24 kildmetres to the east. Here I found an attractive-looking copse on the side of a hill, a shrubbery fragrant with bay, berberis with orange berries, juniper, Osiris with 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X1/1948 scarlet berries, open patches of bramble, Sambucus ebule, butcher’s broom and bracken, and mrytle with sweet white flowers. But the poverty in insects was the same. Of butterflies, H. jurtina, P. rapae and a few small dulk blues. Of Orthoptera, only the same that JI had seen on the previous days. The sight of a marshy estuary encouraged me in the hope that I might find additional species. On the sand there was Oedidopa caerules- cens and O. miniata (gratiosa). More interesting was the occurrence on the open expanse of sand of numbers of the yellow-winged Acrotylus longipes, Charp. This elegant little ‘‘ grass-’’hopper has an interest- ing distribution. It is widely distributed over Africa, but in HKurope seems to be restricted to the estuaries of southern rivers (see interest- ing article by O. Grebenschikov in Proc. R. Ent. Soc., 22a, 1947, p. 101). This record of its occurrence at the mouth of the Filvos chayi may extend our knowledge of its distribution. I swept systematically in the sodden grass and rushes at the edge of the swamp, but all that I got was plenty of Acrida turrita, a few Chorthippus ef. biguttulus, a single female of Conocephalus fuscus and a female nymph of Homorocoryphus nitidulus. It was not very excit- ing, IT must admit, but the Filyos chayi at least added three species to my meagre list for the north coast. Of other Orthoptera, there were only some Arachnocephalus and a Paratettix. The locality looked promising for Odonata, but there were few about. There was a medium-sized greenish one that tantalised me and I spent a long time trying to catch him, but he was too clever for me. Of the few that T sent home, Mr Cowley reports Sympetrum meridionale, Sym- petrum fusca and Ischnura elegans, which are interesting as being, ap- parently, the first Odonata reported from that part of Turkey. There was also a surprising scarcity of birds. I expected to see many kinds, especially after my experience of the wealth of bird hfe in the marshes of central Anatolia a couple of years ago. There were a number of gulls that looked like herring gulls, no doubt the yellow- legged race; a distant glimpse of a cormorant and the tracks of a heron in the sand. No small birds noticed in this deserted, broad open flat estuary. Of butterflies I noticed a very small Meilitaea and a single Colias croceus. There seemed to be a better show of butterflies in the gardens of the town, as I had noticed in Ankara. Argynms pandora is a constant visitor, in numbers, to the splendid Zinnias that do so well in Turkey, with a few P. podalirius, so these little gardens are a delight. On 23rd August I spent the afternoon in a little gravelly bay near the town, a charming spot, but surprisingly lifeless. I climbed up a steep slope where the peasants had laboriously cleared a little scrub and planted maize. There, by search and patience, I found one ladybird, a tiny beetle and a very small yellow ant. I could see no sign of Collem- bola, Myriapoda nor Jsopoda. Then I tried marine life and that, too, so far as I could tell, was justi as sparse. There was a sort of high- water mark, due presumably to the level varying with the winds, in this tideless sea, but all I could find were some small lmpets. Anatolia is a strange country to collect in. Rich in endemic forms in great variety, nowhere have I found that exuberance of insect life He Di 4 PLATI VOL. LX. or » v [AIH L - he I » u 1 COLLECTING NOTES. 115 that one would expect at this latitude; nothing to compare with the quantities in, for instance, Spain, which is the orthopterist’s paradise, or Macedonia. Recently I had a letter from my recent companion, Peter Davis, who this year has been in Spain. He was astonished, he writes, at the abundance of Orthoptera after the meagre quantities he had seer in the field with me in southern Anatolia. This sparsity extends to the European side of the Bosphorus. There, in the course of my walks dur- ing half-a-dozen summers, I have found about sixty-three species of Orthoptera, yet in Macedonia in three summers I found nearer 110, In Turkey I have not been lucky enough to hit upon the locality and season for such characteristic forms as Bradyporus, for instance, very few Saga and not many Thrinchinae, vet these were familiar or even abundant in Macedonia. Most surprising is the rarity of Decticidae in Anatolia, Round the Bosphorus I have found several species, but one has to work hard to get a few occasional specimens, whereas in Macedonia I could fill a bottle in a few minutes with many more kinds. On the north coast T did not see one single specimen. It is not from inexperience on my part, as IT have been a collector, with considerable success, of these elusive creatures since boyhood, from the Canaries to Irkutsk. Probably I have been unlucky in the season, so I must be patient and await better opportunities. In April 1946, too early for Orthop- tera, in a ten-day run round the central steppe, contouring the great salt lake, my companion and I identified over a hundred species of birds, many of which T had never before seen alive, and, as for mammals, the steppe was then swarming with susliks, so much that several times we nearly ran over them as they popped across the read in front of us, and we moved one immense and exceedingly handsome fox. But in Orthoptera T have failed to hring home results even approaching my hopes. COLLECTING NOTES. PHALONIA DIPOLTELLA, Hp., ar SourHamMpron.—During the winter of 1947-8 T gathered a bunch of varrow seed-heads from Southampton Com- mon, a hundred yards from my house. From them TI bred a number of P. dipoltella, Hb., during the latter half of July 1948. Unfor- tunately, T was unable to deal with the moths as they emerged, owing to illness, and only mounted two specimens instead of the series bred. The species is also recorded from the sea coast at Barton-on-Sea, Hamp- shire.—Wmn. Fassnipce, 4 Basset Crescent West, Southampton. GRACILLARIA CUCULIPENNELLA, Hs., in Hampsuire.—This species is said to be locally common in the south of England, feeding on the wild deciduous privet, and making its typical Gracillariid cones by folding tightly the tips of the leaves. Until now I had found larvae only in the Basses-Alpes, but on 31st July this vear I found larval cones rather commonly on low scattered bushes on the edge of a copse at Farley Mount, near Winchester, where IT had gone to see how Myelois cirri- gerella, Zk., was getting on this year. I found no trace of moth nor larva, possibly owing to present-day intensive cultivation and conse- 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/XT/1948 quent restriction of permanent sites for the scabious. Of course, the moth is still present in this locality, but is far less common than when I first found it there-——Wm. Fassnipcr, 4 Basset Crescent West, Southampton. VOLUCELLA ZONARIA (Dript.).—In view of the record in your current issue of the capture of this fly at Herne Hill on 3rd July, the follow- ing may be of interest :— On 5th September 1948 my son, Basil Gummer, took a specimen (9) at Ivy Blossom at Upper Deal. The next day we saw about 10 more ot them, and I continued to find one or two individuals at intervals up to 27th September—all in the same neighbourhood, feeding on Ivy Blossom in sunlight. All of the half-dozen we took were females; and all but one are in the collection of my friend, Mr H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.—Crecrm M. Gummer, 14 Manor Road, Deal, 25th October 1948. COLIAS CROCEUS AT SWANAGE.—It is worth recording that on Satur- day, 23rd October, four ¢ CU. croceus were observed at the foot of the Purbeck Range, about 2 miles from here. They were in fresh condi- tion, and had evidently emerged quite recently. The last few days P. cardui, P. atalanta and P. phloeas have been visiting the late blooms in my garden, but all in a very worn state. Many half-grown larvae of P. tracciae are still feeding.—LEonaRD TATCHELL, Rockleigh Cottage, Swanage. DISCREPANCY OF SEX IN RECORDED CAPTURES OF VOLUCELLA ZONARIA, Popa.—On the 5th September this vear Mr C. M. Gummer, of Deal, kindly sent me two specimens of this handsome Syrphid, and shortly afterwards four more. He wrote that they were not difficult to catch and that he had boxed these specimens off ivy blossom. The scarcity of wasps last summer does not appear to have affected this fly in his neighbourhood. As all these specimens, as well as one he had previously sent me (23rd August 1946) were females, I asked Mr Gummer to look out for males. He replied that although he saw several more they, too, were females. At first I thought it just possible that as a lepidopterist ‘he might have overlooked the difference between the sexes, but in looking up the records for zonaria in the H.M.M. I was surprised to notice the ereat preponderance of females. In those cases where the sex is men- tioned, the figures are 27 females to 7 males, plus 3 males bred. An analysis of the data afforded by the records shows that the dates given for the males are distinctly earlier than those for the females, all being in June, whereas the dates for the females are mostly in August and September, the earliest being 14th June. The three bred males mentioned above emerged between 29th May and 2nd June. The females were mostly taken at late summer or autumn flowers; buddleia, mint, and by far the most frequently at ivy blossom. Possibly the males are not so attracted bv flowers as the females, but whatever the reason may be, this discrepancy in the proportions of the sexes as shown by the captures is certainly curious and T think worthy of note.—H. W. ANDREWS. CURRENT NOTES. U7 CURRENT NOTES. TRANSPLANTING OF LocaL INsEcts.—The Committee for the Protec- tion of British Insects of the Royal Entomological Society of London has recently had under consideration the desirability of keeping records of attempts to introduce British Insects into new habitats. It is be- lieved that many entomologists have made experiments of this nature which are nowhere recorded, and may, therefore, confuse local records. The Committee would welcome information concerning activities of this kind so that it may be filed in the Society’s rooms, where it would be treated as confidential and made available only for approved investiga- tions.—N. D. Ritzy, Honorary Secretary. UnusuaL Foop or SpPpHINX LigustTRI, Linn.—On 8th September I found a larva of S. ligustri in its last instar feeding freely on a bush of Spiraea about five feet high (possibly ‘‘ Douglasui ’’). Lilac and Privet were some fifty yards away. The larva has since pupated.—E. Barton Watt, F.R.E.S., Braunton, N. Devon. AMATHES C-NIGRUM, TANN., PatRING witH A. XANTHOGRAPHA, Fapr.— On 7th September, at 10.15 p.m., on one piece of sugared cork bark in the garden there were seven c-nigrum and nine xanthographa feeding. On the back of the cork was a c-nigrwin in cop. with a xanthographa. There was a Westerly breeze, sky cloudy and temperature 61° F. The two moths were boxed, and the following morning, still attached, were placed in a cage with growing roots of chickweed, dock and grass with some flowers in water. On the fourth day they were still attached, but vanthographa died, and c-nigrum died the following day, without sepa- rating. They have been pinned in the position in which they died. C-nigrum appears to be the female. Though closely related,’ I have seen no previous record of these two species pairing. The moths were seen alive by Mr Geoffrey Cole and Dr F. R. Ellison-Wright, F.R.E.S. —K. Barton Waitt, F.R.E.S., Braunton, N. Devon. CouNTRY-SIDE, the journal of the B.E.N.A., for June has an excel- lent illustration of the now notorious potato pest, the Colorado Beetle. It is rarely one gets a picture of the sociable habit of feeding of the erubs on the foliage. REVIEW. ‘“* Morus anp Memortgs,’”’ by An Old Moth-hunter.—The author needs no introduction for his interesting experiences and observations on them are based on a long life of Entomology. The opening chapter, ‘“Tdle Gossip,’ tells us how the early introduction and guidance of his father led him to his finding in Devonshire an Oleander Hawk Moth, a very rare species never seen until many years alter a crippled specimen in a dealer’s window was described as ‘‘ a very rare Butterfly known as the Large Copper and captured by a policeman near Clapham Junc- tion.’’ The long gossip ends with an incident related long ago of ‘‘ His Majesty.” 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15 / X1/1948 Moths are again the main topic in ‘‘ Birch and Millers.’’ A dis- cussion on the contrast of birch and alder as food plants recalls to the author the words of the old dominie, the Rev. Mr Bramstone, on the ‘‘ barbarous ’’ birch: No youth did in education waste, Happy in an hereditary taste; Writing ne’er cramped the sinews of my thumb, Nor barbarous birch e’er brushed my tender bum. The Millers next come in for consideration with leporina leading them. Another chapter deals with Aporia crataegi in Britain; once it was a very common species but now a very rare one. He shows how the insatiable greed of man has caused this. He calls in the evidence of its abundance in numerous localities, citing the evidence of entomo- logists of the greatest integrity as Jenner Weir, the friend of Darwin, J. W. Tutt; of others like Goss, once a secretary of the Entomological Society of London, noted for their insatiable acquisitiveness, down to the unscrupulous private dealers and to the collectors who left their work on Saturday afternoon and returned to normal work again on Monday. A very interesting assembly of names of many of the entomo- logists of the early half of the present generation. In ‘ Letters and Writers ”’ we are treated to a tarcical communica- tion, ‘‘ To a Young Lady who contemplated marrying an Entomologist.’ The pros and cons are given at considerable length but the answer is only an indefinite indication of the result. ‘‘ Letters ’’ giving the opinions and experiences have ever been attractive to one and all, specially if they be on the subject and objects in the mind of an ento- mologist. And here we have a chatty and useful selection from many of the well-known men and women of a passing generation, who not only recorded their experiences but their views on entomological ques- tions of the day. The British pass of the Jersey Tiger was a bone of contention for many years. It had, to my own knowledge, but one advocate, a dear old German music master, whom no one believed. A keen col- lector, he year after year spent his summer months at Star Cross, Devon. The faith in my old friend took me to Dawlish with the Tiger fully in mind. Strangely enough, within half-an-hour my quest was gained; I had met my first ‘‘ Tiger ’’ perched on a door in a garden wall, and before many days I had taken enough specimens for my own wants and a few for friends. It occurred for miles around.—And so on to the views of old on Immigration. Space forbids further comment on ‘‘ Wales and Moths,’’ a valuable chapter of experiences with many local races in the beautiful vales of the Welsh Mountains; ‘‘ Ghosts and Cossus,’”’? a valuable source of in- formation on a specialized group of Heterocera; ‘‘ Beer and Skittles ” is an Introduction to the “ off duty ’’ of one of the meetings of the old Entomological Club; and, finally, ‘‘ The Polyomma Club,” of which something has been written in more recent times.’’—Hy. J. T. P.S.—The whole book is so deeply imbued with the love of the wilds of the old country that one suggests full support to those who fight to keep our Footpaths and Commons free and open to everyone. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. Wanted—A. vestilialis from all parts of the British coasts except south: also R. simulans and S. ravida (obscura). Cash or exchange.—A. H. Sperring, Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Havant, Hants. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, Cr from any other animal—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. 3 : Wanted.—I need specimens of Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all parts of the world, particularly Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, Madeira, Canaries, N. Africa, Middle East counties, and E. Africa; also varieties from British Isles or elsewhere. I will purchase these, or offer in exchange good vars. of British Lepidoptera or many sorts of foreign and exotic Lepidoptera.— P. Siviter Smith, 24 Melville Hall, Holly Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, {6. Wanted.—Various monthly parts of Entomologist’s Record for 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, and 1920. Please report any odd monthly parts (in wrappers as issued) prior to these years—P. B. M. Allan, 4 Windhill, Btshop’s Stortford, Herts. Wanted urgently for genetical purposes, pupae of Selenia tetralunaria.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Homefield, Cranleigh, Surrey. Wanted.—Various Books on Lepidoptera. Please send lists and price. Also wanted, Live Exotic and English Lepidopterous Material for cash or ex- change for similar material or Set English Imagines.—J. K. Goody, ‘‘ Wel- don,” 26 Carr Wood Road, Bramhall, Ches. Sale or Exchange—R.E.S. Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— Trans., Vols. 1 and 2, Vol. 3, part 1. Proceed, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, part 3. Trans Suffolk Naturalist Society, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 and 1928, 1941 and 1942. Ent. Mont. Mag., 1922, 1924-5, 1933-41. List on application.—_F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Endromis versicolora, pur- chase or exchange.—R. W. Parfitt, 1 Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. Wanted—Bristol board suitable for mounting Coleoptera. Also, Puton, A., 1878, “ Synopsis des Hémiptéres-Hétéroptéres de France. Badonnel, A., 1943, Faune de France, No. 42, Psocoptéres.—H. G. Stokes, 12 Roman Road, Salisbury, Wilts. For Disposal._Entomodlogist’s Record, Vols. 55 (1943) to 59 (1947) in parts, all in good condition. For cash, or in exchange for any of Dr Imms’ Textbooks of Entomology including the latest.—Alan M. Maclaurin, Oldhall House,~ Kil- macolm, Renfrewshire Wanted.—For the British Museum larval collection, larvae of Chrysomelid beetles, alive or preserved. Liberal exchange if required.—Dr S. Maulik, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Wanted to Purchase—Pupae in any quantity of any species of moths.—R. M. Rickard, Coningsby, Lincoln. For Disposal—Barbut (J.), The Genera Insectorum of Linnaeus, 1781 (including 2 Plain and 20 Coloured Plates); The Genera Vermium of Linnaeus, 1783 (in- cluding 11 Coloured Plates); The Genus Vermium of Linnaeus, Part 2, 1788 (including 1 Plain and i3 Coloured Plates); the three works in 1 volume. What offers? I would exchange the above for Haworth, Lepidoptera Britan- nica, 1803-1827.—J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. Wanted to Purchase—African Section of Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera of the World, both Butterfly and Moth Volumes, either bound or in parts——D. G. Sevasto- pulo, c/o Ralli Brothers Ltd., P.O. Private Bag, Mombasa, Kenya Colony Wanted—Aberrational forms of Lysandra coridon in exchange for other aber- rations of the same species.—Chas. B. Antram, “ Clay Copse,’’ Sway, Lym- ington, Hants. Wanted—Distribution Records, Notes on Abundance and Information regarding Local Lists of the Dipterous Families Empididae and Conopidae.—Kenneth G. V. Smith, ‘“‘ Antiopa,”’ 38 Barrow Street, Much Wenlock, Salop. | MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Royal Entomological Society of London, 44 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: December ist and January 19th, 1949 (Annual Meeting), at 5.30 p.m. South London Entomo- logical and Natural History Society, c/o Royal Society, Burlington House, Pic- cadilly, W.1; 2nd and 4th Wednesdays; 6.0 for 6.30. London Natural History Society : Tuesdays, 6.30 p.m., at London School of Hygiene or Art-Workers’ Guild Hall. Syllabus of Meetings from General Secretary, H. A. Toombs, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, S.W.7. Birmingham Natural History and Philo- sophical Society—Entomological Section: Last Friday in Month, at 7 p.m., at the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. Particulars from the Hon. Secretary, G. B. Manly, 72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14. TO OUR READERS. _ Short Colleoting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—Eds. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. f Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. Change of Address :—The temporary address of Mr Kenneth J. Hayward of Tucuman will be, as from September, c/o Dept. of Entomology, British Museum of Natural History, London, S.W.7. ET EEE TE I EO EE EL I TE IES I TTI ILE SRT ET II I REET I a Communications received :—Thomas Greer, Fergus J. O’Rourke, O. Quercl, H Donisthorpe, Malcolm Burr, Surg.-Lt. Comm. H. M. Darlow, D. G. Sevastopulo, D. Fearnehough, R. J. R. Levett, E. C. S. Blathwayt, E. P. Wiltshire, A. E. Wright. All Communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. If you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIS or PHLAEAS, you can be interested for life in their British aberrations by obtaining ‘THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADDENDA,” PRICE £2 10s, post free, direct from :— THE RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, LTD., Yelverton Road, Bournemouth, Hampshire. Strongly covered and magnificently produced with 18 plates of 402 figures, 96 in colour. Letterpress 144 large pages of superior paper. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. Published Quarterly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I1.A., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 10/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. ’ All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. a Printed by T. Buncle & Co., I.td., Arbroath. No. 12 DECEMBER 1948 | JOURNAL OF VARIATION WM. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS. . DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. H. B. WILLIAMS, K.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S: T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. (Sub-Editor), “*Rodborough Fort,’’ Stroud, Glos. HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Editorial Secretary). " MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. | » E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. | CONTENTS. 2 SOME NOTES ON PTINUS TECTUS. BOIELDIEUS (PTINIDAE) (COL.), = . Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc., ... ae se oS a aphar ings a § _ RHINGIA CAMPESTRIS, MG. (DIPT.. SYRPHIDAE)—A FURTHER NOTE, mab. Parmenter. \°:.: ae Pie Bee Be ee = aS os RR peas 5 he PIERIS NAPI, L, AB. ROTUNDA, AB. NOV., Nigel T. Easton, D.F.H., F.R.E.S.,, su a! 121 NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES | OF THE NEW FOREST AREA IN 1948 COM: » PARED WITH 1947 AND WEATHER CONDITIONS, _... he Ore Bet COLLECTING NOTES: The Humming of Rhingia campestris, Mg., Z. Par- menter; Large Visitors to Sugar, T. D. Fearnehough; Opomyza petrei, Mesnil (Dipt.. Opomyzidae) in Surrey and Sussex, L. Parmenter; Some » Early Appearances, P. B. M. Allan ..... Sis as a “ asp wa. 124 CURRENT NOTES, RESUS i Cia Say SO SS Ls oa PO es poe en aA REVIEW a eB agate ing St ING Cae cee tn Core ee es SUPPLEMENT. rhe British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner. F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., SCE Nt eR Pa Ac ag AURA Se OR at oa he 0 (41)-(44) INDEX. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, 5 TEN -@SHIEELIN GS To be sent to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E:S., The Rookery, Breamore, Fordingbridge, Hants This Number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). Established 1879. Felephone: Temple Bar 945{. — WATKINS & DONCASTER €R. L. E. FORD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.8.), PROPRIETORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CO., 36 STRAND: LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). ' & ENTOMOLOGISTS. TAXIDERMISTS. | BOOKSELLERS. BEES, WASPS, ANTS, & ALLIED INSECTS — OF THE BRITISH ISLES By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. Illustrated with 44 Plates in Colour, showing 470 Figures, and 67 Plates showing # 170 Photographic Reproductions and Text Illustrations. Also Illustrated Index ~ to Vein Classification of the different Species. Published price, 15/-. : All Orders to be placed through a Boolisetler. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 q Books & K. LEWIS & Co. Ltp. rust haat mc til 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1. ; A large stock of books on the BIOLOGICAL s SCIENCES and Allied Subjects always Please state Interests. 3 available, y Telephone: EUSton 4282 (5 lines.) EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. Price List No 33: 2/6 (credited on subsequent purchases). W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. Phone: EDGware 47 J. J. HILL & SON, ENTCOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS. Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc. available from time to time. Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application. YEW FIELD ROAD, N.W. 1c, as ‘Phone: WILLESpax 0309 b e s SOME NOTES ON PTINUS TECTUS, BOIELCIEUS (PTINIDAE) (COL.). 119 N PTINUS TECTUS, BOIELDIEUS (PTINIDAE) (COL.). LiEE “By Hokace DontstHorrE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. JAN 44 1949 —-— At a meeting of the Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, held on 2nd March 1947, Mr MacGiillavry sent a note mentioning the fact that the British Pharmaceutical Journal of 25th January 1947, p. 60, had recorded that Vtinus tectus, Boield., had been present as a parasite in the alimentary canal of a patient. Several of the members present expressed the view that this matter should be regarded with ereat caution. This view had been strongly taken by Dr Van Emden in a letter to the British Medical Journal published on 15th March 1947 (Vol. I, p. 350). The larvae in question had been identified by Dr Van Emden, and in the letter, quoted above, he shows very clearly, both by reasoning and experiments, that these creatures could not live in the stomach of a human being, and that they had not passed the intestine. All these cases, to my mind, are extremely doubtful. In the Hnto- mologist’s Record tor 1942 (Vol. 54, p. 79) I recorded that the Keeper of Entomology in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) had submitted three beetles to me to identify, which had been sent to him by a doctor at the Royal Cancer Hospital. It was stated that these beetles had been passed by a female patient in her urine. These proved to be common British beetles, and I pointed out that it was, of course, impossible that they could, in any case, get into a person’s bladder. Ptinus tectaus, Boield., is rapidly extending its range in Britain. In a paper in the Vasculum in 1920 (Vol. 6, p. 35) on the extensions of range of various Coleoptera recently brought forward in the British list, I pointed out that this beetle was first taken in Britain by my old friend the late Arthur Chitty in 1892, when I took him to a granary in High Holborn, where I frequently went to hunt for beetles, etc. Also that on visiting that granary in company with the late Hereward Dollman, Ptinus tectus was present in numbers all over the granary, from the attics to the cellars. I also gave many other recent records ot the beetle. It is now quite common in the Natural History Museum, and I re- cently recorded it, and its larvae, from a pigeon’s nest, high up on a ledge on an outer wall of the Museum [Ent. Mo. Mug., 83, 294 (1947) ]. Since | wrote that paper in 1920 Ptinus tectus has been found in many other British localities. 790 ane ORD 7H tty it o few ma 1 a t . fue. ¢ RHINGIA CAMPESTRIS, MG. (DIPT., SYRPHIDAE)—A FURTHER NOTE. By L. PARMENTER. 1 should like to confirm the experiences of Messrs B. R. Laurence, H. W. Andrews and B. Verdcourt (anteu, p. 100, 107-8) as to the scar- city of this insect in 1948. Although I spent many hours in the field 120 ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/XI1/ 1948 this season, chiefly in Surrey, it was not until | arrived in Pembroke- shire at Haverfordwest on 31st July that I saw my first campestris ot the vear, a female visiting Knapweed flowerheads. Several were seen during the day and during early August about Dale Fort, and in mid August near Weymouth and Moreton, Dorset. My only Surrey record for the year was of one visiting the flowers of Water Mint at Bookham Common on 12th September, whereas in 1947 it was common, particu- larly so for the spring brood. The larvae live in cow-dung but the adults are attracted to a large variety of flowers, the specially constructed proboscis enabling this species to take nectar from flowers with a long corolla. The flies visit flowers of Ranunculaceae, Cruciferae, Violaceue, Curyophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Rosaceae, Lythraceae, Umbelliferae, Dipsacaceae, Com- positae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Convolvulaceae, Labiatae, Laliaceue. I append lists of the flowers visited per month as I ‘have noted them in the field : — Aprit—Prinrose, Primula vulgaris, Huds. May—Lesser Celandine, Ranunculus ficaria, .; Hedge Garlic Mustard, Nusturtium officanale, R. Br.; Cuckoo Flower, Cardamine pra- tensis, I..; Yellow Garlic Mustard, Sisymbriwm officinale, LL. (Scop.); Violet, Viola sp.; Red Campion, Melundriwn dioicum, (l.) Coss. & Germ.; Silverweed, Potentilla anserina, L.; Blackthorn, Prunus spinosa, L.; Hawthorn, Crataegus oxyacanthoides, Thuill., and monogyna, Jacq. ; Oxford Ragwort, Senecio squalidus, L.; Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, Weber; Primrose, Primula vulgaris, Huds.; Ground Ivy, Glecomu hederucea, I1.; Bugle, Ajuga reptans, L.; and Bluebell, Scilla non- scripta, (L.) Hoffngg. & Link. JuNE—Creeping Buttercup, Rununculus repens, L.; Ragged Robin, Lychnis flos-cucult, L.; Herb Robert, Geranium robertianum, L.; Hog- weed, Herucleum sphondylium, L.; Creeping Thistle, Cirsium arvense, (lL.) Scop.; White Deadnettle, Lamium album, I. Juty—Knapweed, Centaurea nigra, 1..; Hedge Woundwort, Stachys sylvatica, L.; and Bugle, Ajuga reptans, I. Avucust—Lesser Spearwort, Ranunculus flamunula, L.; Herb Robert, Geranium robertianum, L.; Red Campion, Melandriwn dioicum, (L.) Coss. & Germ.; Purple Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, L.; Knapweed, Centaurea nigra, L.; Great Knapweed, Centaurea scabiosa, L.; Bur- dock, Arctium sp.; Ling, Calluna vulgaris, (L.) Hull; Sea Bindweed, Calystegia soldanella, (.) R. Br.; Large Bindweed, Calystegia sepium, (..) R. Br.; Corn Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis, L.; Self Heal, Prun- ella. vulgaris, L.; and Hedge Woundwort, Stachys sylvatica, L. SEPTEMBER—White Campion, Melandrium album, (Mill.) Garcke; Devil’s Bit Scabious, Succisa pratensis, Moench; Large Bindweed, Caly- stegia sepium, (.) R. Br.; and Water Mint, Mentha aquatica, L. No doubt most dipterists keep a sharp look out for Rhingia in view of the presence in this country of the less common rostrata, (l.). Per- haps Mr Laurence would undertake the organisation of a survey during 1949 by dipterists throughout the country to see how campestris re- covers and possibly to combine with it some studies on the flowers visited. Whether individuals have preferences or the species as a whole has predilections. PIFRIS NAPI,. ., AB. ROTUNDA, AB. NOV. 121 PIERIS NAPI, L. Ab. rotunda, ab. nov. By Nicer T. Easton, D.F.H., F.R.E.S. In a brood of Pieris napi, homozygous for ab. hibernica, Schmidt, | bred, this August, a total of 18 imagines of what I believe to be a form of this butterfly hitherto unnamed. This form is readily distinguished from typical P. napi in that the outer margin of the forewings is strongly convex and the apical angle distinctly obtuse. In the majority of those which I have bred the dis- tance between apex and inner angle of the forewings is almost equal to the distance between base and apex. In the majority of examples I have bred the veins of the forewings, instead of bending downwards from base to margin, turn distinctly up- wards, being distorted by the convexity of the outer margin. This could clearly be seen from the representative series which I exhibited at the Annual Conversazione of the South London Entomological Society on 30th October 1948. This peculiarity of wing structure, whilst not preventing, neverthe- less considerably affects flight by slowing it down to a great extent so that it somewhat resembles that of ZL. sinapis. This brood of 84 pupae has produced a partial emergence, over a period of 10 days, of 63 imagines; 18 of them (4 males and 14 females) were of this form. Segregation was distinct and, though 21 pupae have not yet hatched, the number which emerged this August, i.e., 63, is a sufficiently large one to bear significance in statistical application. It would appear, therefore, that the 25% segregation of a simple Men- delian recessive has been realized. In 17 out of 18 cases this new round-winged form is associated with dwarfing, the imagines having an average span of only 33 mm. There appeared to be repulsion between males and females of this distinctive form in the breeding cage and only one homozygous xX homozygous pairing was secured. This proved infertile. Pairings between one round-wing and one normal-wing imago, in the same brood, produced a small number of larvae which were definitely weakly, so that very few pupae were obtained. It is interesting to record that I first bred a male of this form in August 1947 and that the paternal parent of the present brood was actually a full brother (though apparently normal) which overwintered. The female parent was a cousin so that it now seems feasible that each parent carried a single dose of the gene, though, of course, it was not possible to recognise it at the time of pairing. It should furthermore be made clear that the associated dwarfing was in no way caused en- vironmentally. It was remarked at the time that a proportion of the larvae were spinning, apparently prematurely, for pupation. It may here be mentioned that 5 out of the 18 round-winged form had bright green unpigmented antennae clubs and that an uncounted number of the pupae of this interesting brood were quite glossy in ap- pearance. Some pupal adhesion, amounting to 15% of the whole num- 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/ XIT/1948 a ber so far bred, was also experienced. A scale defect in one female caused uneven distribution of vellow scales producing a white and yellow patchy effect giving the insect a superficial resemblance to a heterochroic mosaic. T, therefore, name this round-winged form rotunda, ab, noy. TLolotype. Gi Bred 19.8.48, N. T. Easton; Welford x Donegal origin, in my collection. Allotype. Oye Bred 24.8.48, N. T. Easton; Welford x Donegal origin, in my collection. © Paratypes. Norn el. Bred 18.8.47, N. T. Faston, Welford x Donegal origin. No. 2. i iB Bas “ ‘s - 54 No. 3. ect DGi48, ¥s 35 2 ¥3 No. 4. (ih ATeBp4Se e “6 ‘3 i No. 5. , 20.8.48; “4 bs x4 No. 6. Bred 17.8.47, N. T. Easton, Welford x Donegal origin. ING@aaie sh Seay # or i vo INGE WIS: hy loor4s; 9 a . » ING. 9): oS 16.8.48, 39 ) ” 2 No. 10. fone pllissiwike), fs Ad vs oe Now ale a LU AS: +4 ip eg 66 No. 12. a eke aS, ai 96 » ys Nos me 920ea 48) 3 35 0) » INo- Va: sa AOS AS. Ks %s 3 NF INoz U5: sa PAOUS Ale 9% e 5 > No. 16. See eal tsi4 tee Ht os 9 . No: 17. ee 2238 AS, i! i 5 » No. 18. ay. 1 2278-48) be 3 3 No. 19. og 6 28:8.48) ie ts ‘s i No. 20 , -24.8.48, " : c All Paratypes are in my collection. [am indebted to Mr Antony J. Thompson, M.A., F.R.E.S., for his confirmation of the above data and conclusions. NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST AREA IN 1848 COMPARED WITH 1947 AND WEATHER CONDITIONS. Compared with last year which was wonderful for butterfly collectors, 1948 has been on the whole rather unsatisfactory, in that weather con- ditions were against the prevalence of most species in any number. A few species were just as plentiful as in last year but the majority ex- ceedingly scarce, as for example, even our very common ‘‘ Cabbage White ’? was almost a rarity throughout the year. The splendid; sum- mer of "47 gave us a ‘ Clouded Yellow ”’ year with four overlapping NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST AREA. 123 broods extending to the end of October and into November while only a very few specimens were observed this last season. The early months saw the usual spring species but nothing in any great number except perhaps the ‘“‘ Orange Tip.’? Of this latter I had the great good fortune to secure a perfect specimen of the pale yellow tipped aberra- tion, aureoflavescens, Ckll., on the 15th May. May was a gloriously fine month and the following species were in fair numbers though not common :—Cyaniris argiolus, Argynnis euphro- syne, Callophrys rubi and the usual kinds out at that time while hardly any of the ‘‘ Small Copper ’’ were seen. This last mentioned was very scarce throughout the year in any of its broods. On the 12th May I discovered Melitaea cinxia in good quantity near here. Larvae from the Isle of Wight had been put down recently and it is satisfactory to note that it is well established and spreading. I took only a very few and will be watching its development. Climatic conditions in June and July were rather too wet and cold, without any long spells of fine weather with the result that the usually prevalent Lim. sibylla and Arg. paphia were scarce and only a very few ralesina form of the latter seen. On the other hand a large number of larvae of Thecla quercus were obtained by beating and the butterfly was very numerous in the second half of July. JI found also by beating Blackthorn, half to full-fed larvae of Zephyrus betulae in two or three localities near here between the 15th and 18th June and a fine series of this butterfly emerged at the end of July. HEmergence took place almost without exception in the mornings between 9 and 11 o’clock. Out of about 50 the sexes were about even, the males appearing first. Lycaena icarus nowhere was as common as usual but on the other hand Lye. aegon was very plentiful, some good aberrations in under- side markings being obtained. Zizera minima was almost non-existent. Stepping over the Hants border into Dorset, Lysandra coridon was in its usual abundance in the last week of July and throughout August. At Worth it was simply swarming and a large number of good, besides the commoner aberrations, were obtained such as, a few fowleri, striata, pulla, sessilis, albonigrofimbriata, fusco and albofimbriata, glomerata, tarescens and postimpar, etc. (aeca and other obsoleta forms were scarce. Lycaena bellargus appeared quite early in the first week of August continuing to the end of that month. They were taken flying with the coridon and there were also icarus and argus in fair quantity, while M. galatea was in thousands. The poor summer of 1948 has therefore apparently not adverseiy affected the development of a number of species although nothing lke last year when the majority were exceedingly numerous. It might be mentioned that amongst Moths, Sphinx pinastri, not so many years ago very scarce, was very common in the Bournemouth area and generally throughout the New Forest in 1948. Many of the moths were taken, at rest on tree trunks, etc., and eggs obtained from which a number are now in chrysalis. This is a difficult insect to bring through to the imago, at all events in captivity. Out of over 200 fer- tile eggs, all of which hatched, only about a couple of dozen have come through to the chrvsalis. Some pupae have also been obtained by digging round the base of fir trees in the neighbourhood, 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/X1T/1948 Consequent on the unfavourable weather from June onwards there has been no collecting in the butterfly line worth doing since about the middle of September; very little has been seen on the wing with the exception of an odd Red Admiral, Peacock or Comma. At about this time last year the Clouded Yellow and other species were still in good quantity throughout October and continuing well into November. CuHas. B. ANTRAM. ‘“ Clay Copse,’’ Sway, Lymington, Hants, November 1948. COLLECTING NOTES. THe Humming or RHINGIA cCAMPESTRIS, Me.—Whilst looking through my notes on the above species I came across the following entry of 10th August 1936 :— ‘‘T held a campestris by the wings. The fly made the characteristic high-pitched hum. JI examined it with my 10x lens and found that the sound came from the proboscis, the lower portion being rapidly vibrated. The vibrations could be felt with the finger held close to the ‘ beak.”’ The halteres were vibrated but slowly and at times were stationary. No hum was audible from them. I released the fly and it flew over my head with a deeper hum. Holding Eristalis pertinaa, Scop., the hum was deeper when the wings were moving and high when only the halteres were vibrated.’’ IT have tried with other Hover flies, holding the wings, but have not been able to convince myself of the correctness of my observation on campestris. A. D. Imms in Insect Natural History, 1947, p. 88, mentions ‘‘ authorities ’? who think the hum is caused by the vibration of a fine membrane situated just internal to the thoracic breathing pores; another ‘‘ authority ’’ who caused the hum to cease by closing these pores with gum or wax stated that the removal of the wings did not influence the sound. He concludes: ‘It is a nice little problem for some enthusiast to try to elucidate.”’ Has anyone any further evidence?—L. ParMeEntEeR, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 5th November 1948. Larce Visitor to Sugar.—When the return to Greenwich mean time brought the close of day within working hours it became impos- sible to sugar at the prescribed time. I conceived the idea of sugaring in the morning and visiting the beat after nightfall on my way ‘home from business. On the first morning the sugar had not been on the tree trunks many minutes when T surprised, on one of the patches, a grey squirrel ecstatically lapping up my rum-laced mixture. It re- fused to be shooed away further than the next tree, where, at a safe height, it chattered angrily. No doubt on my departure it would re- turn to the interrupted feast. When such large creatures become addicted, sugaring is unlikely to prove an economic proposition.—T. 1D. FRARNEHOUGH, 25 Ramsey Road, Sheffield, COLLELTING NOTES—CURRENT NOTES. 125 OpomyzA vETREI, Mesniu (Dipt., OPOMYZIDAE) IN SURREY AND SUSSEX.—This species was introduced to the British List by Mr J. EK. Collin in 1945—The British Species of Opomyzidae (Diptera). Ent. Rec., 57: 13-16. In a small collection of diptera that my friend, Mr M. Niblett, has allowed me to examine recently, | found a specimen of this flv taken at Epsom Common, Surrey, on 17th August 1932, swept trom Creeping Thistle, Cirsium arvense, (.) Scop. This is an additional county to the four English and one Scottish given by Mr Collin. In my own collection I had separated the following specimens from the common germinationis, L., which prove to be petrei:—Mitcham Com- mon, Surrey, 26th July 1936; Staffhurst Woods, Limpsfield, Surrey, 16th July 1939; and Balcombe, Sussex, 24th July 1938. Mr Collin does not give dates for the imago and it would be interesting if other dip- terists would record their captures, especially where they can extend our knowledge of its distribution and flight dates of 16th July-17th August. Balachowsky, A., and Mesnil, L., 1935-36, Les insectes nuisibles auc plantes cultivées, recorded the breeding of petre: from Vernal Grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.—L. ParMEnTER, 94 Fair- lands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 5th November 1948. Some Earty APPEARANCES.—Some A. villica in my cages are low nearly full-grown; but a brood of N. plantaginis is still asleep, as are a few D. fascelina. Yesterday I found a T. cruda or pulverulenta on a lamp in the town, and sallows here are in full bloom. A wonderful March—but I fear we shall pay for it later—P. B. M. Arman, 1.111.48. CURRENT NOTES. To my suggestion to practical entomologists, especially Lepidopterists and collectors, to bye-pass all species that have no outward and visible differences from other species under the title Genitalic Species, I have so far had only two critical remarks: (1) That names have already been given to many species. Surely that does not matter. (2) The two species psi and tridens have been cited as outwardly inseparable. Their larvae are amply different and dried fresh examples are different; tridens has a very delicate but very evanescent pinkish suffusion. Admitted that o'der specimens cannot be otherwise differentiated unless their genitalia be examined. In a letter from Dr Burr in Istanbul, just received, he says he has heen too much engaged in getting back to his usual health after his operation and the subsequent serious indisposition of Mrs Burr that to eet out into the field this season was impossible. He goes on to say that ‘My collecting has been confined to my bathroom, the fauna of which has included 2 Blatta orientalis, 2 Buprestid beetles, and a Muacro- glossum stellatarum that hummed to me like a turbine when I was shav- ing this morning.”’ We have received from Mr J. E. Collin, J.P., F.R.E.S., “ Ray- lands,’? Newmarket, a notice that the famous Verrall Supper will be held on 18th January at the Holborn Restaurant, where it has usually 126 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/XI1L1/ 1948 been held in the past. After being in abeyance for nearly ten years, there should be a memorable reunion of old friends of the ‘‘ net and pin.’’ We presume that 100 will be the limit to those who sit down, but the actual Reunion from about 6 o’clock to 8 may have others who can- not join in the restricted meeting. The announcement circular contains about a hundred names of those who were at the last pre-war meeting. Those who have fallen out during the long years will allow invitations to be given to many a new enthusiast. The Circular contains an ac- count of the original and subsequent history of this function during the life of the great British Dipterist. It is suggested that in the future the date of this Annual Event should be in September, at the end of the season, not in the midst of winter weather. What do Entomologists think of the proposal?—Hy. J. T. REVIEW. Burrerrty Haunts.—lL. Hugh Newman, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.; 21/-; Messrs Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 37 Essex Street, London, W.C.2. This work is remarkable for its ali-round excellence. The illustrations are the most perfect reproductions of a long series of photographs so beautiful as to be beyond criticism. Each illustration is of a delight- ful area which the species of butterfly has chosen as one of its haunts. Some of these Nature resorts are extensive areas of hillsides and low- land, others are smal] lanes and open woods, but in all of them the effects of the brilliant sunshine is outstandingly wonderful. The glades of the open forest, the down-land, the coast, the pasture and flowery areas are among the Butterfly Haunts, and all must not fail to remind us of many a quest of long ago. Some ot these illustrations have incidentally included items of more general interest—a horse and cart coming up a lane into the light; a sheep standing alone on a sunny track in an open: forest glade; a lhorse emerging into a lane, beautifully seen; a ploughman and his horse are examples, all excellently falling into place in the Haunt to which they belong. It was generally feared and expressed strongly that the exact Haunts would be exactly located in the text. But no lover of this beautiful country could complain that the Haunts have been localized in any case. They have, of course, been characterized. The smaller illustrations are equally excellent in their execution, but are devoted more to the private life of each of the British species of butterfly as we see posed in the sun’s rays in our gardens. Each illus- tration is a record of the butterfly’s actual choice of its resting place and surroundings, its own selection of position as regards the sun’s rays either for feeding, enjoyment of the warmth or resting at intervals. This record is a most remarkable and correct feature of the work. All who have been engaged in aiding the talented author in the pro- duction must have been true artists in their own line and with the skilk afforded by the publishers have succeeded beyond ordinary expec- tation.—Hy. J. T. SPECIAL INDEX. VOL. LX., 1948. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation The names in this Index are. placed aphahetically under specific hames, The terms ‘* var.’ and ** ab.*’ are used in Staudinger’s sense, ‘f f.” (forma) indicating a form of whicl the exact status seems doubtful. indicates a new name. KF PAGE BLATTOIDA. lividus, -Mctobrus! t...4%..08...8 113 Grientalis.;iblattas!.. i9),...0 i 125 COLEOPTERA. agrestis, Asemum striatum ab. 69 atietis,... Clytusiastqsses 2 > sitet v0 bifasciatum, Rhagium ............ 39 cerambyciformis, Judolia ..... Ne ert) chrysogaster, Stenocorus meri- CUA THRDISIAEY cies ae eae atin SIT TRO 69 disconotata, Strangalia macu- OVENS | SE NES eee 70 PURO NS VE TLOGEM SECS a sone A. . ss aaadee 104 latifasciatum., Rhagium — bifas- Gramuinh val cayt-s se ae. dete. eke 69 macnhiata, strangalia, ~~ ..2........ 70 meridianus, Stenocorus ......... 69 MOE G aexeee MM MevOTMIM Moy cies erate ca ee 69 PRACUStAL [LELVOPS es we. au. ctisee ne 70 ruficornis, Grammoptera —....... 69 Stemotarsus® SP.) - sce) esl Saas. is 22 stratum: Asemunr iO... 528: 69 tabacicolor, Alosterna ............ 69 BOCES tC TTaS ARE APEIE A. oPhel C2! 11s undulata, Strangalia maculata Ue perch exe 2 ETA, oe ER 70 DERMAPTERA. auricularia, Forficula .... 104, 113 mneksi-” Monhewlasre. > ayer LO-4 kosswiot, -Pseudisolabis . ......... 13 DIPTERA. aibimarco, Pecomye. 9. ...4.55..5- 38 amilas: Neuroctena; — oo: 65 5-tso2ce0 51 Astied CUMMAINCEY 7 esis 24. es. 1S) MEEICOLUIS] AUOPMylda 4.02.42. e8- ol auricollis, Hpisyrphus °..t°....... 51 Haulteanus,, ylpliuise 2. .c:. aes... 107 coe LOO aOR 108, 119, 124 consobrina, Clythia (Platypeza) 51 campestris, Rhingia curvipes, Campsicnemus ....... 70 ui ( L demandata, Physiphora......... 50 denticulatus, Syntormon —...... ] indicates an addition to the British List under an old name. PAGE diaphanus, Allocostylus ......... 51 flavifrons, Helomyza ............ 38 Sabbusus:: Oncadesgn sea re LOL clobulus;*Actroceram. 5.4. 10] “maculas SylitOrmone, o2s..)...4. 70 modesta, Clythia (Platypeza) .. & nigritibia, Kpisyrphus auricollis VA Wey hk aoe baie eel a are Al pallidiventris, Tetanura ......... 51 paraalina, oPie7uiag geal ore. 5 peters OpPomyZaisenat ey van en 125 rufa, Clythia (Platypeza) ...... 5] seugellanis, pe haonta yee 51 Setosasy Sy MtOrmonim apis ss <2 440 TC finctar i Mydada ia). oe ee 51 variegata, (Phaonta ia. 2. ees 51 wersicoler, Pegomyariiqi...2--2 ae 38 zonaria, Volucella .........:. 108, 116 HYMENOPTERA. aestaceopilosa, Aphaenogaster 95 [see also testaceopilosa ] aethiops, Camponotus. ........... 29 auberti, Cremastogaster ........ 64. barbakus, oWessOtuena fee 62 BD orotheag est see eee eos ee 65 kiesenwetter!, Camponotus. .... 61 meridionalis, Messor barbarus 62 *novobritainae, Dorothea ...... 65 orient talisss Vespany mee sheets. t pygmaea,) Plagiolepisw ...ciai..... 62 semipolita, Aphaenogaster tes- taceopilosa’)0)/-s.taa ss. ieee 85 sordidula, Cremastogaster ...... 59 Sphexyisps4gsh poe ak aa, 105 testaceopilosa, Aphaenogaster 60, 95 wioans. DiaGamniiiary ee. css 22 LEPIDOPTERA. absmbthi,, Cucullaay eos: 100. 108 achromaria. (Cidatighajeie. se ee 82 aictaeon,,. Pan hall tig? son-epere eee 37 navenaria, Cepphiigg #2 4-2 29 20, 26. 34. aegerla, Pararge 20. 36% 45, 98. 113 bes SPECIAL INDEX, PAGI aescularia, Alsophila ....., i poe 44 aestivaria, Macaria~ ......8 0078. che <4 agestis: see medon aglaia, Argynnis: see charlotta albicillata, Mesoleuca ............ ale albidentaria, Pericyma ......... 81 albipunctaria. Kupithecia ...... 107 albula, Nola © ().-%. acc Pham Pee 30 alechemillata, Perizoma ......... 107 algae, Nonagria Bake geben sche pene amata, Calothysanis : ....../5.5.. 93 anaphanes, Autophila........... 87 ANCES, AMEILY PE oo. ce oken sac caees &1 anceps, Notodonta ....... amare ‘29 andrenaetormis, Conopia —...... 52 angelicata, Eupithecia albipunc bate ©. enc theue hf... depigerh 107 antiquus, Notolophus {ee ioe HOTEPA, Vanessa 4.28. 40--eso-. sessed f40 aeolian, NyloGampa. | ocak ocr sades 4&8 arae. (Meloiiam eden oh. ca ect Jomtnes OT Lycaenopsis (Celas- Pea, Loe OO. Al, 93, 96423 iPleberus Peres bo S00 123 argiolus, trina) uraus, “stimu a ECG yh ae: Hees cen 107 asperariany thopiriay hau. ce 52 astabene, Philotes 2..2..../.0225% &6 Vanessa ... 24, 25, 31, 41, 43, A5, 93, 95 8, atalanta, 34.96, 37; athalias: Melitaecan niin... 96 Athi River, Kenya, Butterflies 97 atlantica, Nyssia zonaria. ...... G atomaria, Kmaturga 0... .20s.2: i t6 aurantiaria, Erannis -........ 22, 32 aurinia, Melitaea 8, 20, 26, 36, 88 aurita, Amephane _...... re HCA 81 Haden meAM CY Mist ee. Ate cesses 93 badiata, Cidaria. (Karophila) .. 92 batcamacuses Phe clah wise sae. 86 harthae. sCuCullign eae 2 sates 81 belisarius, Vanessa 10 ab. ...... 37 bellargus, ly caena (Agriades) 24, 26, 27, 31, 35, 37, 48, 55, 123 hembeciformis, Aegeria (Sphecia) 30 henedictina, Meganephri ja OXy- ACAIGUAE* +s oc dies ears see 86 benesignata, Spilosoma lutea ab. 4 berytaria, oe Peg LALO EY 87 betulae; :/Theela:--.......228 2008 Soe le **betulinella, Anacampsis ...... 5 bifasciata, Cidaria (Perizoma) 107 bilunaria, Selenia ......... 21, 30, 93 pimaculatas. Bapha eek. ee 107 binaevella, Homoeosoma _....... 107 linaria, WOrepanac co. lsus sees 107 bistortata, Ectropis ............5. 9 dblandina;.Mrebia 20 \..:.. ..t2 Gee 38 blomeri,. Discoloxial (04 i.4...02% 107 borbonica, Pelopidas’’ .....:0..11. 86 hrassicae, Pieris ... 20, 2 23) 26, 33, 34, 36. 45, 55, 85, 93, 95, 113, 122 PAGE DrisGis.wmatYEUSS fo .00etle..) 108, 104: brumata, Operophtera 22. 23, 2 32, 45 CAWO, pe AN CELA genic) caer ame 106 c-albuin, Vanessa .., ar 25, , 34, 36, 37,°93 Limenitis .. (os none 30, 34, 36, 37, 45, OSLO A238 ‘apucina, Lophopteryx...... Sey eka, coridon, Lyc aena (Polyommatus, Lysandra) . te pe ey DOs O laos Sie CNA sail) camilla, correptaria, Boarmia (31)... 87 GOPEIGEA: ; PASO? assy ees ee 2] coryli, Colocasia (Demas) ...... 3] crepuscularia, Ectropis ....... 9, 19 creticum, (Cochlidion! os... RU groceus, Colitis *64Mer 21-22: 24, .26,:.28,. Blgne59243. 45. 66,;.92,. 96,,, 105: id. a6 alae cruda, Episema (Orthosia) . » 44.195 cuculipennella, Caloptilia ....... ss eucullina, Netodonta . ............ 31 culicitormis, (Conopia 403.20). 52 culbrania, , Drepandiwey.. tai pee 107 curtula, Pygaera (Clostera) .... 30 cydippe, Argynnis. ... 25, 30, 34, 37 cypria, Thais cer VV tk nae ee 85 cypriaca, Autophila es fl eypriaca, Hipparchia syriaca .. 8&5 cyprogene, Apopestes Daetitiosh &7 deceptrix, Catamecia ............. ] defoliaria, Erannis ...... 22, 32, 44, 45, 92 deplana, Eilema ............ He ceag ele ae) deserticola, Leueania ...........-. 86 dulncida:, Abo piela openers, sone 8 “OAM D Rete Fee ANS) 0) alfey) bic UV Ph Nn 32 dilutata, Opormiay yep... 24: aa diplocapna, Nephopteryx ...... 3 dipolteila.) Phalonia, Weyoee. oer TES dipsacea: see viriplaca dispar. Inymamitiia joes ee g] diiversa- eaboCalane woe teen ne ae 2 dodoneata, Hupithecia ....:..... &2 dominula, Callimorpha —......... 36 dromedarius, Notodonta ......... 107 *dravi Cochlidion creticum .... 80 dubiosa, Hupitheeia, ;.:......0...... 82 **duratella,Mixapate: (2. .csuee 6 efformata,) Anathis ) n.. eerie. 32 elinguaria, Crocallis ~...... AME 107 elpenor, Deilephila> «.............. 107 STICELAT IO, Os, 41 pieeuatatoreerrccs eee 7 euphrosyne, Argynnis ... - 29, 30, 35, 36, ae eutychea, Catocala............... exigua, Laphygma ... 6, 31, 45, 106 exsoleta, Calocampas (Us)... .2 05. externata, Oulobophora .......... 83 fabriciana, Anthophila (Sumaethis)i vl. eoteeeaaceos: 50 SPECIAL INDEX. 3 PAGE cana, Hylophila seeich. .cchus: 31 facella) Diurnea epseret..aytas93 faleataria, Drepana. <....:....: 36, 48 ferrugalis, Phlvctaenia _. 6, 106 testucae, Euchalcia: =. Plusia ... 106 flaccidaria, Scopula ..:...: PMB g: flammea, Panolis ............ CeO wes flava (‘sylvestris’). Pamphila ne 35, 37, 96 flavicincta, Polymixis (Antitype, | YOST) 9 9 13s en ena Te 32 flavicornis, Polyploca ...... 290 AT flaviventris, Conopia............ 5 flnixare Arenostolajg.2 2. 49.5eeed 146 forficellus, Schoenobius © ......... 107 forncula,--AGTOUS 6.50.25 A 81 formicaetormis, Conopia ...... 52 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia...... 106 bo livarbamrCr@ariae s.s:dsehcascicskess 48 mrvas,Dryabota:, <2 eee 4 Be: 81 HUSCas” Salenrias 2)... ers, Be 107 fuscalis, Phlyctaentas 208. 2...2 107 galathea. Melanargia 24. 34. 37, 96, 123 gamma, Euchaleia = Plusia 6. 32 geminipuncta, Noma@ rial |... 2h: oil semmanria, “Boarmia -:..::..4..... 21 enoma, Pheosia Ua typ Toa | Lies 107 SoObhica, Hipisema, Santee: 44, 98 gracilis, Kpisema (Taeniocampa) 44 Smiseapa. Pherarrneeeee ds... : Bele. 49 oriseola., idalema” eles... 30, 106 helice. Colias croceus f. ... 26, 28.302 137) 38,457 559006 hexadactyla, Orneodes ........... 50 mirvanawlayeay .cieqliw .. ail: 29 hispidaria, Apocheima ....... 29, 44 hvyale, Colias ...... 31, 32, 35, 37, 45 Epinephele ... 25, BORO oad. 197 Lycaena (Polyommatus) hyperantus, ICALus, a4 265127, 384.938, 47.96) 9128 momutata, Scopules 1 )....07/0502 106 incarnatella, Plutella ............ 76 incerta, Episema (Orthosia, Tae- MUL OCAMIPI A) tare sv. Se eM, 44 ines. Melamareia., mee. . 2d i AT 10, Vanessa ... 20, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 45, 93 iris, Apatura ............ 8, 26, 30, A5 isogrammaria, Eupithecia ie 107 jacobaeae, Tyria (Hipocrita) 29, 30 juniperata, Thera .2:).3...: saa Ue A7 jurtina, Epinephele ...... Ont, Sie Kenya, Butterflies. of <......0... 97 lacunana, Argyroploce _......... 93 lancealis, Perinephela........... 107 lanestris, -Hriogaster’ (4.2/5, 000. 29 lathonia,--Aroynnis 22sl. 8 100 legatella, Chesiasorn. 2: ieee. 32 leucophaearia, Erannis ....... 28, 44 leucoteray Cenruma. elee.s..ccnccat<- 1 lisustri, -Craniophoral) ..4.22%- 106 heustm, Sphinx '7./:..... BOLO 17 PAGE lmnariata, Mipirthectat ..2208 5t104 lineata, Celerio. fiaclac..cssescce- 6 lineola, Pamphila (‘‘Adopaea’’) — = liturata, Semiothisa. ............. OF lubricipeda, Spilosoma 30, 45, 93 hued, sbtameatis,+. 1 o.5e5. 4 eee 3 lundana, Ancylis: see badiana lurideola, Eilema_......... eeyee 42 30 lutea Sp ilosoma as yest. ce AS 29 luxuriosa, Apopestes .....2......: 87 machaon, Papilio .... 11, 36, 72, 85 macularia, Pseudopanthera ... 29 mata. Gyamamasaisswss ess iste 101 malvae, Hesperia ....:.... DO oan als margaritellus, Crambus ......... 107 marginaria, Kranmnis © ....:.... 28, 44 medon (agestis = astrarche), Lycaena (Polyommatus) 34, 48 megera. Pararge 2 De OM, 34, 35, . 45. 93, 96 mendica. Diacrisia gi: eee ea G3 micacea, . Hydraecia:s 1. 2 en 3] minimus, Cupidojo™...8i5.7 Bis 1 23 miniosa, Mipisenrars Lf). Bee: 44, 93 monacha, Lymanbria ) stl 106 monoglvypha, Parastichtis ....... 3] montanata, Cidaria cal: 40500. 93 munda, Episema (Taeniocampa) 44 nanata,. Wupitheciay a2... 36, 107 MAUD. PLCS, 3.0, Ay 24s B34, 365410 932i nebulosa. Poliapliqueoere | Ayes 21 nerigzia, Comibaena: + in 7 ie. 82 *nigra, Cleora ribeata ab. ....... 9 nigrofulvata, Semiothisa litur-~ BEA ADs ics Pee ee 107 miveus.. Acentropuse (4... 10 suse 107 noctuella, Nomophila ... 28. 32, 106 nobha,,. Brephass ee ses si eee 29 nubeculosa, Brachionycha ...... 29 nvmvhaeata, Hvdrocampa ...... 76 obstipata, Cidaria ( ee osea) Dike 22 31eg32sehOS ocellatus, Smerinthus ........... 107 oehracea,, -Ochrraw’ tips. 23 (soe 51 ochrearia, Aspilates ..............- 33 oditis. Leucochlaena ............ mal olympiaria. Xenochlorodes ... &% opima,s (Bpisemai stat.) eae 4A Or. Pali psestis vite... eee if ornithopus. Tathophane (Grap- Galitina.) On eet ve pee. 4 106 oxvacanthae. Meganephria ... 86 nalaestinensis. Amathes........ 86 palsemon. Carterocephalus 30, 36 pallens. Leucaniaii tie... 2 Oe. 24 pamphilus, Coenonvmpha ... 34, SA08), 93) Lie as pandora, Argynnis 13. 72. 105, 114 paphia, Argynnis 8, 25, 30, 34, 30, 37, 55, 96, 123 paphos, Glaucopsyche ........... 86 papilionarius, Hipparchus 23, 36, 166 2 SPECIAL INDEX, partheneas, pastinum, Brephasiusat. obs 23 Asticta (Toxocampa) 106 pavonia-minor, Saturnia ... 29, 107 pedaria, Phigalia ae eevee te 29, a4. 92 peltigera, Melicleptria (Helio- GRISD) os Sion pata 65/21, 30545 pennaria, Colotois ............ 22, 32 permixtaria, Cidaria ............ BE phlaeas, Chrysophanus (Heodes) 13,,21,, 26, 27,0285 30,31, 32, 34, 38, 41, 45, 93, 96, 97, 100, 123 phoenissa, Euchloe cardamines 85 pilosaria : see pedaria pinastri, Sphinx (Hyloicus) 34, 123 pinarius, Bupalus .............. 7, 30 PisiACenamicay » (4.609.408 Ae 106 plantaginis, Nemeophila _....... 125 plumari ia, Selidosema 79 Se oe | *plumbea, Kilema depressa ab. 9 podalirius. Papilio (a. 10d, By 114 polychloros, Vanessa. ............. 66 polycommata, Nothopteryx ... 29 pomedaxana, Argyroploce ...... 52 populy, Poecilocampa BF bh 32, 92 populi, Smerinthus .......... 29, 108 prasinana, Bena: see fagana, Hylophila promisss watocaland sal) .ud) 44 proniubapeNoetia! (.cg.nNes ns 21 promi? Dhecla, 2.244... 34; 36, 41 pruniana, Argvroploce......... 93 psi, Hyboma (Acronycta) ...... 93 pudibunda, Orgyia (Dasychira) 14, pudorima,,, Leucania.,....05. 58 si pulchellata, EKupithecia.......... AQ pulverea, Amathes _............... 81 pumilata, Gymnoscelis.......... 106 punctidactyla, Platyptilia .... 107 purpuraliss@Pyrausta .cees 93 putrescens, Leucania. ......... 21, 86 pygmina, Arenostola ............ 106 BYEING,, HW ZET Ate eta ete bee eut 107 quercetica, Eupithecia .......... 82 quercifolia, Phyllodesma (Gas- bEOpACcha)s | cee seen. 30, 107 quercus, Thecla ... 26, 35, 37, 97, 128 ragusana, KEublemma (Porphy- TSUEMUEL,)) i Peceeuckss sss EE Sete ae 81 rapae, Pieris... 13,14, 20,283, 21. 28, 32, BS, o4, ob4 Aa) 9a, 953) 113; Id rec tilinea, Hyppa *rectistrigaria, Pseudoterpna 81 repandata, Boarmia .............. 21 rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 8, 20, 26, 29, 34, 35, 36, 92 rheomatica, .Chesiass + iad... sek 87 rhomboidaria, Boarmia .... 21, 107 *rhoumensis, Coenonympha Pawmip hal Sew aepeueeneek eee 144. ridens: ‘Polyplocay:: 1%. ... 2sh:¢acs- 29 roboraria, Boarmia ....0.4-.... L030 PAGE “rotunda, Pieris napi ab. ....... 121 roxelana, Pararge .............. 1, 85 rubi, Callophrys SALES E, . ut] 34, 123 rubi, Macrothylacra tt). 221402 36 rubricosa,! Cerastis» \.0))/2...7208 44 ruta; Coenobia war. AEP 106 ruficornis,., Drymonia ing) ).. 29) 15 rupicapraria, Theria ......... 44, 92 PutIiCHlaltSpudaed.. ........:cccc.. 81 sacraria, Rhodometra ... 21, 28, 31, 32, 45, 107 *“segarrai, Melanargia ines ay) SAlLCIS,. Stil pola. s..ce teehee 106 sambucaria, Ourapteryx 45, 107 satellitia: see transversa, Eup- silia saucia,, “Agtobpisy =. Jes se 24, 32 selene, Argynnis ... 8, 21, 27, 30, 35, 36, 37, 96 Scotica,. Magra 2). paves ee 49 semele, Satyrus ............ 26, 37, 96 senex, Comeaclani eee el: -.20e 106 “sibylla’ 7: see camilla similis: see chrysorrhoea simplicaria,’ Dyscia J ...nctk S7 sinapis, Leucophasia Pikes 265, 31, 36,93 sobrinata, Eupithecia ....... 47, 107 Sociay Lathoplatie Weyer. oe 21 solitaria, Thaumetopaea ....... 86 sordidus, Heliophobus _......... 106 Sororemla., Hulenvaw sae. eee 29 spargani, Nomagtia: 44.24%... 3; spheciformis, Conopia .......... A2 Sphinx, Brachionycha _...... D2 eae stabilis, Orthosia (Taeniocam- pa): see cerasi, Kpisema stacnata, Nymiphula, (need. = 107 stellatarum, Sesia (Macroglos- SUM). seeooo. OL, wen oa. Bf, 40, 06a 93, 95,\ 120 Stratarius, Biston (0. 2k. Bene 29 stricillaria, Percomias -.a4e2e: 30 SUIFUSA. 5 AOTORIS 7 1f1 tt... aitees 21, 24 sylvestris (sylvanus: ‘‘venata’’), Pamplalay 2.5.75. OT, 34, 37, 98 Sylvinus, Hepialus \)eetaee- c syngrapha, Poly. coridon ab, ... 37 syriaca, Hipparchia ............. 85 syriaca, Mannia oppositaria .. 83 syriaca, Parastichtis monoglypha 81 syriacaria, SS enricetana .4ca5a f syringaria, Phalaenad | eeu 5 tages, Nisoniades ad. wanes bemera,,, WUux0a)) alii saess ee 86 tenebrata, Panemeria........... Q: bestarbar, (May origi ec kt aes 30 terebinthi, Ocneriagyc:--4-.. 212s 81 bulaie) HIME MnaS Hehe ae a5. eer 93 tipwliftormis, > Comopiand di t-..a5-t 52 tithonus, Epinephele ... 24, 26, sade shot Fs Seeks 9] Philereme transversa, transversata, SPECIAL PAGE PLernOlae NEOSIa, ofc sescfvcss <5 5 107 trifolil, Scotogramma ........... 31 trigeminata, Sterrha’ ...........: 106 pamacila. Dryniomia, 2.1. 17 tripartita, Unea = Abrostola ... 93 “trypanaria, Hemerophila ...... &3 turfosalis, Tholomiges .......... 75 pusciaria, Crocalliss 2009.22. 83 tyronensis, Selidosema plumaria 79 Ra ee Pay Tala ct arses cues ee tank. ae 106 niMbkabioan. Cucillia. <2 eer. 106 urticae, Vanessa ... 8, 14, 24, 26, Pip 20031 34 3a) 36, Bil, a. 92, 96 MACeMmI (CONISthA: Ws... saa ke 21 valerianata, Eupithecia ......... 107 *varia, Ectropis crepuscularia OA Wiel ue ewe | RAs 5 UAL 10 *varla, Boarmia roboraria ab. 10 Wer onsen, TCrv(e rl NE A eae ee es S15 93 Vesprhormis, “Conopia:' ve... 52 vetusua. Calocamipa .... cscs... 106 Nall Camp PAC hia beet... 36, 125 vunmalis.) BombycCiay, 2. 4.4..29..-: 106 SLOT ek Sy er eae e OR t Be BB Tindal COrtrix . hut fon 44 viriplaca (=dipsacea), Meliclep- LEIRIC) 0 Oe ieee a We. rent Se ROSE fa De 45 Mlb Data, ELOnISING Wise. -osp4u.2 PS KOr Tice lL Tee One DM cve(cl EA eR ee SN 34, 41 xanthographa, Noctua ...... 2 OF Xerampelina: see centrago ypsilon.(/Parastichtis’, 2.4...4...) 106 velleri, Pelopidas borbonica ..... 86 ALCZACy ONOLOCOMPA 2-164 sak 37 OMA MIN VSIA ee eee eae 49 MANTODEA. fasciauar. Limpusan sie. Rees il heldreichi, Ameles .............2.. ue religiosa, Mantis ......... Nee Oe ODONATA. Bloc ss ESCA see 114 fuscum, Sympetrum ............. 114 meridionale, Svympetrum _...... 114 splendens, Agron) j4....2..c9....a 2 ORTHOPTERA. aegvptium, Anacridium 14, 73, 118 anatolicus. Notastaurus........ 105 INDEX, 8 PAGE anatolicus, Pezotettix ........... 104 Arachnocephalus spin) 2.032...00 113 aurea, Oedipoda 12, 13, 103, 104, 145 bicolor. sChortippus 9.9.3) ae. 105 higuttulus, Chortippus 104, 113, 114 brachyptera, ATCypteran 28 7 14 brevicollis, Dociostaurus....... 104 bue -ephala, Bucephaloptera 103, 104 caerulans, Sphingonotus ...... 14, 73 caerulese ens, Oedipoda ... 13, 72, 103, 105, WS: 114 chabrieri, Pholidoptera Lee ve depressum, Acrydium ...... Hye 13} fischer1, Stenobothrus............ Le fuscus, Conocephalus ...... 73, 114 eiorae,, Pezotettix, .45. 4... 113 graeca, Tropidopola longicornis 73 Sratiosa, Oedipoda: “yey... 73 incerta, Incertana ............ 73, 103 insubricus, Acrotylus ... 11, 73, 113 intermedia, Platycleis ........... 145 eheilie: Arey tera ae ee 14 lalrfoliat* ty lopsis: >see 108 longicornis, Tropidopola........ Ae lonsapes, Acrotyluses. 32). 114 macnifca, Drymadusa .)....%.. 12 meridionalis, Paratettix ....... 112 inigratoria solitaria, Locusta .. 73 miiiata, Oedipoda ...... Wee 7%, 104, 1055 114 nitidula, Homorocoryphus ..... 114 patruelis, Acrotylus ...... Vas 208 pellucens, Oecanthus ...... 143 ts pentagrammica, Charora...... 105 plorans, Euprepocnemis ..... 1223 quadripunctata, Phaneroptera 113 spectabilis, Drymadusa ......... 19 strepens, Aiolopus 11, 14, 72, 73, 118 tenuicorms, Calliptamus ... 18, 145 Ghalassinas, Ain: Ae ike le iredacby lise sie. iyact steps 3 ssn i turcicus, Rhacocleis ........ 143, 145 EULA ACTIG a ee eee ace Sane ventralis, Omocestus .......-..... 118 vitidissima, Tettigonia ......... 104 RHYNCHOTA. ADTEGISS | CME RINGS), User ees eee 90 feus. Chermiesi: ose... ee nee 90 news) Elomotomamee: 7 eee a0 main sydlia Ose reeen 4 ye eee 91 8 apagitnot | ABP Pr tbe ; five ae a ia ar ete sj moniverd 3y | Htahy peat athioond |e ahs . uP BQH wae te) ou =) afte wil perms | mat HA) Ae Dott hak) bie : RA ips. aha ae ae Ary ce acne ap lags.) ae OS 1) TOR Rgiaa Mt vdurs | an Hee eee: 7 \eae ty ae bet Sa wr $ b, 7 F pet wee Z a ee sce Tet Val soe Sian ALA Ser tGal 3) ie, MReRS Be’, VSN Ca yi” i ea wan mee 7 if i wren : RM A? Mads i wh ms: iae f ae Bete My wheres whee ee yeh eradl ee as ig ier ry ; : Tey" & ar el. Ce ie reer gator is endo maak 4 WS his SS a ae 4 es Pst ice gh onueritity |) ROM a: als pasltingst oz s#) {Pepe vs v3 i HlUdobiiorr? eat 4 inh Af inlage aye, nt f y ae ay oat Hae) i RRO oI ‘ i ie Dy eR soe dele eh ! “ltd PG K ‘ me: ite 4 tebe catkee's a RLY 4 sa ‘¥ kis sy, Mi) fie i ayia BLY oven iti ‘tt rn FETA Ab So be Ps 0 Ft : ‘ n a nm ‘ 4 ae 7 reeeheuras bet villa he pie ROKR. A egela: SAORI: oe Yl 4 aes ablyborod if sips 4 ; Ab oind pair ae Bietald erhoaarcrorea 4 7 Case “" P . “ ay | ¢ Py , tp atyey fi tila a { i: hy} 4 yeh abit Ve ei sh BAe rola. id | i eo TL RE AR are eA ape gL NM AA A as ara Rs, Be Seaebe'h gifotehtt 1 RAPE Ned, clinpamee homine lee Sekt i ator Ph nineriehy dob} be SYS LANG, EN iene idimott ohh . : talent if eoetr iy ied nigra ya Hi, ve Stan {hehe hy au = P aunts oy by RAVE E LS bes eT Py hey rev fate cf ; “N13 10TH Tt i wige be f i #30) i *>EST when ify een tis ee oi vs Tipe whe tad ra i ria baubt HEME ras i 7 . me APN ss SW RCA Mh x eTeee ter ae a ee ay Mitt ‘ ino seckuclleliae : eee Nath } cer) lee Lt PoE ERTS As thr oat anne : fs th ta . Pd eth oe a are RROy 9 rea : fecal > . é i a ; ye eh ‘i re af 34, it Leet OTE RTA ; { PATER 3 ahi, ice F inhi i ce i) Yo eg wasgeigha re Re Nae a ch beside wets Lt, ORR 5) ye " BETO RR VME Teas EP LEAT oh 4 Ww He r ye ee Yt aie : P py - TUE Tne f a a i Te | ide t te A? SE Ae peri tLe) EERSTE NICH y > | Oe a git fale! P ya ee 7. TAT eee F ' pe CK CCL Ds geek CT UNL TOS ANNG T E read tarls Ran tape tirade isl: arcadia 4) et a. oe i . inobe tt if vid ie wea rebaty Ghee fo >i & - ‘wnte ‘ bly aly ahh x. Rest! BALE T AOA bh be et ‘a 5 Z t f gy" ae | wet Vai ee ae is Fe ane ath, Rohe te Le te a , 4 850 TMs 33 Re AC! Berets Bi DP elerceniatieas || EL OWED, savenia eae ce. DA AG Rea ee Me hn SS aren atta} td Mie ar ake vig lobe de adi ys _ .: *” . f t 1” ‘ * Pras ee pe my eee Bf tae ve aagag. 68th RPL POO | | PRR Rane pe pes ee hes Pigcacn fe ‘ B - Ge E. hy Sarre ay 18 Pees yalH wert vrerPitt: et | Postar oa 4 = . Aine 8 acres ere Korrah har) 1 if baa tae ) . RIS ar j e o Pc aly 1’ ee ibe ia aul “Atouowya LON | big ie piety WY Dicey. i Os “aQanTot f "ldeadeu ; Va ‘7 . ty Mig : A ee eer a eae Ps PTA atta av ree ie i AE UR Re aah a jnetetodtio bt mate DO es tyy i 7 tiuetin do i, LNT , A aes * j Se a ee a “ Ti SSGARe Lye eat A EE Meg 0. HO mins: hyunteae uf . , ™ y r- ahah i ba . - ies : ae ’ ii i oF | in ; rt S a ANG ert ee % \: hiat? 1 i ee EE Pa ¥ 4 ‘ Lear 4 Ss “ y eae ‘ y 7 ‘ ‘yi i prVcees | Bat? ‘ i PR RE TNS haan, | Gen | ; | homed kal } i " we PH iM My a ; Je | $i) at yeh Te ike aie ey bi nn) ) didars , 5 bh pe Se ne * Fea Vevey ihe nd ENP ARYS AI IP TY aia rts RG teeing lle aaa ax a . ‘ fl St Ie 1) bE Y eye eens ‘ - ee re er vig aay | | Leak” ch) fore cs ahs FY Ponitaed. Fle oO N Pah re ‘ OTT 1 rae i ae ot saver Pua aa De GT) es seat ae Tee ame ‘ ahve uf Ty rae ail be ew dnd ne el H n NN li THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (9) Phalaena Tortriz fasciana, Linn., Faun. Suec. (ed. ii), p. 342, No. 1304 (1791), is not a Noctuid, but a prior name of Pammene julana, Curtis. (Kucosmidae). See Durrant, Hnt. Rec., XXXII, 35-36 (1920). Is Pyralis hybnerana, Fb. 1794, really a synonym of venustula? Werneburg identified it as xylosteana, with which description it does not agree. But Fb. says it is close to hermanniana, that is a syn. of Cacoecia oporana, Linn. It would seem to be a Tortricid. Fb. describes the wings in diagnosis as ashy (cinereae) but in description as flesh- coloured (carneae). . Erastria venustula, Hb. Erastria, Ochs. (1826), most authors: [Psilomonodes Warr.-Stz. (1911)] venustula, Hb. (1787), Beitr., I. Hb., Beitrage, II (1787), 3, plt. 4, Z., p. 78, described and figured this species. He again figured it in his Samml., 294 (1821), a very dark form. Treit., Schmett., V (3), 264 (1826), referred only to Hb., Sammi., DOA and: toy Hibs. Bettie Um aaoplte 4a cies ao) Clio): Dup., Hist. Nat., Sup. III, 565, plt. 47, 5 (1836), gave an excellent typical figure of which he gave a very detailed minute description. He cited Hb. 294, and Hb., Beitr., II, plt. 4, Z., p. 78. Guenée, Hist. Nat., 227 (1852), cited Hb., Treit., Steph., Curtis and Dup. His only note is that Steph.’s description of the larva does not agree with that of Treit. Tutt, Brit. Noct., IV, 4 (1892), dealt with this very invariable species and gave a long detailed description of the marking noting that the inner margin thas the black features and at times has more or less emphasis developed. 4 South, M.B.I., II, 59, plt. 21, f. 9 (1908), gave a very good figure of the ‘‘ rosy marbled ’’ venustula. Hamp., Lep. Phal. Noct., VIII, 493 (1909), cited hybnerana, Fb., and gave an unusually clear b. and w. figure of this mottled species. Warren-Stz., Palaearctic Noct., III, 215 (1911), plt. 451, gave a detailed list of the main features and position of the marbling indicat- ing that the variation was a matter of slight increase and decrease in area, and of lhghter or darker colouring. He gave two very nice figures. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 158, plt. 69, f. 2 (1916), gave an excellent figure. Of the Variation Barrett said :— Very constant in colour and markings, variation being shown only in the whiteness or pink shading of the ground colour. Tutt gave a description of Hiibner’s figure and extracts from the writings of Stainton in the Intel. from the Ent. Ann. (1861) and from Newman in the Zoologist. Names and Forms to be considered :— venustula, Hb. (1787), 3, plt. 4, Z., p. 78. hybnerana, Fb. (1794), Ent. Sys. emend., TIT (2), 247. Syn. (10) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX 15 /TIT/1948 The only Form to be discussed is :— Pyralis hybnerana, Fab., Hnt. Syst., ITI, 11, 247, No. 27 (1794). OrigInaL Description—‘‘ Pyralis alis cinereis fusco maculatis lneo- lisque: tranversis nigris. Habitat: Halae, Saxonum, Dom. Hybner. Magna. Affinis videtur P. Hermannianae. Alae anticae carneae maculis plurimis, magnis, fuscis. Laneolae aliqnot transversae, nigrae in disco alae. Apex terminatur puncto nigro. Posticae obscurae mar- @iné exteriori albido. Dom. Hybner Notarius Halensis Insectorum scrutator indefessus.”’ Erastria fasciana, L. Erastria, Ochs. (1826), Gn., Meyr., South, Meyr., Culot: [Hapalotis Hb. (1821), South: Lithacodia, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz.: Thalerastria, Stdgr. (1898), Splr.], fasciana, L. Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Hur., VI, 64, plt. 224, f. 319 a, b, c (1789), gave three figures of different forms but not of the typical form. a was an unusually marbled form with small irregular white marking, b all the markings were dark suffused greenish-grey, ¢ was an underside. Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, No. 85 (1766), described this species under the name pygarga. Rottem., Naturf., IX, 186 (1776), repeated this description. Schaeffer., cones, IJ, plt. 179, figs. 4-5 (1769), figured an insect under the name strigilis, Fb. This figure is undoubtedly one of fasciana as pointed out by Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., II, 229. The shape, marking, colour, and especially attitude on the plate support this view. Panzer (1804) in his notes on the Icones gave Hb. 161, and Hsp. 146, as repre- senting this species as including strigilis, Fab., fuscula, Hb., with the fasciana, Linn. Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 470, plt. 146, 7 (1790-2), gave a poor figure of this species under the name polygramma. Wernbe. testified this as fasciana, L. Bork., Schm. Noct., 1V, 175, placed it to his praeduncula, (Schiff.), which was fasciana. Haw., Lep. Brit., pt. II, 261 (1809), described this as a species un- der the name albilinea, a form of fasciana. Hb., Samml. Noct., fig. 297 (1800), gave a rather poor figure under the name fuscula. It is too large and very incorrect in marking and scarcely recognizable. Tr., Schmett. Noct., V (8) (1826), under the name fuscula; Hb., in- cluded in his Synononyms praeduncula, Bork. and polygramma, Esp. Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 229 (1852), treated this species under the name fuscula, Schiff. His synonymy included polygramma, Esp., stri- gilis, Schaeff., praeduncula, Bork., and Ernst & Engram., 319 a, b, c. Meyr., Handbk., 166 (1895), used the genus Erastria in both his ftev. Handbk. editions (1928). Stder., Cat., 231 (1901), included ab. guenéei, Fall., and ab. stygia, Btlr. THE BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (11) Splr., Schmett. Europ., I, 294, plt. 51, 44 (1907), gave a good typical figure. He included ab. albolinea, Haw., and described a new form albo- marginata. He then gave the extensive area over which the species was spread in Western Asia. He then described ab. guenéei, Fall. and with the E. Asian stygia, Butlr., species. South, W.B.I., II, 57, plt. 21, 7 (1908), gave a very dark figure typi- cally marked, and referred to ab. albolinea, Haw. He said the fore- wings were brownish-grey, but his figure was blackish. Hamp., Lep. Phal., X, 539 (1916), included strigilis, Schaeff., fuscula, Hb., polygramma, Bork., as synonyms. He recognized ab. guenéet, Fall. He considered stygia as a good species. He used the genus Itho- codia, Hb. (1821), as an ‘‘omnibus”’ genus with some 83 species. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 277, plt. 52b, gave two good figures; one typical fasciana, the second albolinea, Haw., and a third figure stygia, Butlr., which has been sometimes considered the EH. Asian form of this species. The form guenéei, Fallou, S.W. France, suffused with rufous (nut-brown). The names strigilis, Schaeff., fuscula, Schiff., poly- gramma, Esp., and praeduncula, Btlr., were considered synonyms. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 158, plt. 69, 5 (1916), gave an excellent figure. He called attention to its resemblance to Miana strigilis, included ab. guenéei, Fall., fig. 6, and ab. albomarginata. The former was from the type in the Oberthtir Collection. The Forms and Names to be considered : — fasciana, Linn. (1761), Fn. Suec., 342. pygarga, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., III, No. 85. Syn. strigilis, Schaeff. (1769), Icones, II, plt. 179, 4-5. Syn. polygramma, Esp. (1790+), Abbild. Noct., 1V, 470, plt. 146, f. 7. Syn- praeduncula, Bork. (1792), Schm. Noct., IV, 175. Syn. ab. albolinea, Haw. (1909), Lep. Brit., 261. fuscula,, Hb. (1821), ? Samml. Noct., 297. Syn. v. guenéer, Fall. (1864) [ Brit. Noct., Tutt, IV, 5]- sp. stygia, Btlr. (1878), Ann. and Mag., (5), I, 199 (1878). ab. albomarginata, Splr. (1907), Schmett. Eur., 1, 294. ab. sordida, Hnnem (1917), Int. Ent. Zt., X, 146. Of the Variation Barrett said :— Usually very constant in colour and markings. Among the insects from Haworth’s collection now in the possession of Dr P. H. Mason, is one labelled albolinea, which is certainly an example of this species, having the usual white blotch, and the apical region grey, except a white line between the two parallel second lines. Tutt, Brit. Noct., IV, 5 (1892), dealt with (1) the typical form hav- ing massed white in the inner angle area; (2) ab. albolinea, Haw., in which the white mass is reduced in area, but lengthened to the apex of the forewing ; and (3) ab. guenéei, Fallou, with the whole forewing suffused with clay-yellow with normal typical markings. Tutt remarked at con- siderable length on the misplacement of isolated captures of very aber- rant forms such as the last. EHrastria stygia, Btlr., Ann. Mag. N.H. (Ser. 5), I, 199 (4878): Bee TOO. plts xivin 2. (12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX 15/11/1948 Allied to HE. fuscula: primaries black in the ¢, brown in the 9, with darker bands and lines as in H. fuscula, the orbicular and reniform spots more or less strongly outlined in white; costa white-spotted, most strongly beyond the middle, a more or less strongly defined squamose patch of yellowish scales just beyond the reniform spot; a transverse bracket-like white line followed by a yellowish streak near the external angle; a 3-shaped pale line, bordered outwardly with deep black, near the base; fringe of all the wings white-spotted and with basal and cen- tral pale lines; secondaries shining greyish-brown. Wings below much as in EH. fuscula but darker. Yokohama. More nearly has the aspect of H. africana, Feld., and nearly ap- proaches Hriopus latreilu, Dup. The figure on plt. 52c, Seitz, III, strongly suggests a fasciana form. ab. albomarginata, Splr., Schmett. Europas, I, 294 (1907). Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Beyond the waved line on the outer side the white line may be widened and extended to the outer margin to form ab. albomarginata.’’ ab. sordida, Hnnem, Int. Ent. Zt., X, 146 (1917). Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ Lighter, suffused yellowish-grey, including the body and hindwings.”’ THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (13) Bankia argentula, Hb. Bankia, Gn. (1841), Gn., Tutt [Tortrix, Schiff. (1775): Pyralis, Fab. (1794): Eustrotia, Hb. (1821), Meyr., South, Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Draudt- Stz.: Hrastria, Ochs. (1826), Steph., Splr. South: Hydrelia, Gn. (1841)] olivana, Schiff. (argentula). Treit., Smett, V (3), 255 (1826), referred to Bork., IV, 798 (1792); Esper, IV, 559, plt. 168, 3, as argentula = bankiana, Hb. (1793); Hb., Samml. Noct., 292, under the name olivea; Hb., Beitr., II, 9, argentula; Fab., Ent. Syst., IIT (2), 262, as a Pyralid bankiana; De Vill., Ent. Linn., 11, 404, as a Tortriz, bankiana. [Fr. quoted Esp.’s fig. wrong; Wrnbg. quoted fig. 3, which is correct. ] Hb., Beitr., I (2), fig. F (1787-9), described and gave a figure, which did not quite agree. The ground was said to be olive-green and to be quite pale. But in the figure is not so. The marking is cor- rectly described and figured. Bork., Noct., IV, 788 (1792), cited Hb., Beitr., Lang, Verz., and Scriba’s Jrnt., pt. 2, p. 131 (1790). Esper, Abbild. Noct., III, 559, plt. 163, 3 (1790), gave a very poor figure under the name argentula (teste Wernbg.). Schiff., Verz., 128, Tortrices. B., Tort. Metallicae (1775) described and named this species olivana, ‘‘ olive-green with two silvery streaks. Tliger, Verz. (2nd and revised edition), II, 39 (1801), cited Tort., P. bankiana, Fab., N. argentula, Bork., argentula, Esp., and Hb. (Beitr.). Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 373, vlt. 123, 3 (1827), gave an excellent figure, argentula. He cited Bork., Esper and Lang, Noct. argentula; Hb., Noct., olivea; De Vill., Tort., bankiana, Fab., Pyr. bankiana. Hb., Samml Noct., 292 (1821), gave a very good typical figure under the name olivea. Steph., Jil., III, 117 (1830), under the name Erastria bankiana, Fb., gave a very clear description of what is called argentula. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 231 (1852), described it under the name Bankia argentula. He cited Esp., Bork., Hb., Lang, and Dup., IV, 373, and gave Pyralis bankiana as a syn. Meyr., Handb., 166 (1895), used the genus Eustrotia and cited bankiana, Fb. Meyr., Revised Hbk. (1928), l.c. Stdgr., Cat., 230 (1901), under the name argentula cited olivea and bankiana as syns., and gave argentula as a var. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 292, plt. LI, 36 (1907), gave a very good figure, cited the obsoleta, Tutt, and the amurula, Stdgr., and referred to the lines of aberration. Hamp., Lep. Phal. Noct., X, 586 (1910), dealt with argentula, Hh. (1787), under the name olivana, Schiff. (1775). He cited bankiana, Esp.; argentula, Hb.; olivea, Hb.; amurula, Stdgr.; albitescens, Schultz., and confluens, Schultz. He recognized only amurula as an aberration. South, M.BJ., II, 59, plt. 21, f. 4 (1908), gave an excellent figure of the typical form, argentula. He referred to the Irish form being sometimes tinged with red. He also included the far Eastern Siberian form amurula, a brownish form. (14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 280, plt. 52e (1912), described the species under the name olivana, Schiff. (1775). He cited bankiana, Fab.., and argentula, Hb., as syns., and gave a good typical figure. The fore- wings were described as pale olive-brown, sometimes sprinkled with darker brown, the markings shining-white edged with blackish. The Forms included were amurula, Stder., rufescens, Tutt, and obsoleta, Tutt. He also reported the more recent forms noted by Schultz, obli- tescens and confluens. Warr. comments on this very local species oc- curring over such a vast area from Britain to the Amur. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 157, plt. 68, f. 47 (1915), gave an excellent figure, argentula (bankiana, Fb. = olivea, Hb). He discussed the variation. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Il], 207 (1935), added the following aberrations: nigrosparsata, Ostheld., transverse lines suffused dark; nowickia, Schilles, darker; funeraria, Peglr., still darker; and de- scribes two new forms, albescens, ‘‘vastly’’ different from the type, and uniformis with all markings obliterated. He gave three new figs.. plt. 23 b. The Names and Forms to be considered : olavama, Schulf. (1775), Verz. (Tort.), 126, B. 1: bankiana, Fb. (1781), Sp. Ins., 11, 275. Syn. argentula, Hb. (1787), Beitr., I (2), 9. Syn. olivea, Hb. (1821), Samml. Noct., 292. Syn. rujescens, Tutt (1892), Br. Noct., IV, 7. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c. amurula, Stdgr. (1892), Mem. Rom., VI, 562. ab. oblitescens, Schultz (1907), Ent. Zt., X XI, 78. ab. confluens, Schultz (1907), l.c. ab. nowicki (1923), Polsk. Pisms., II, 109. ab. nigrosparsata, Osthelder (1927), Schm. Sud-Bay, IT (2), 346, plt. DOV ao: ab. funeraria, Drdt.-Stz. (1935), Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 207. ab. wniformis, Drdt.-Stz. (1935), l.c. ab. albescens, Drdt.-Stz. (1935), l.c. (Pegler in Iit.). Tutt gave the description of argentula from Hb.’s Beitrage ani made a short survey of the possible variation. He referred to ground colour of the forewings, the stigmata, the transverse lines, etc., in colour and shape. Tutt gave two aberrations, a reddish form rufescens and obsoleta with transverse lines nearly absent. Of the Variation Barrett said: Hardly variable except that the ground colour of specimens from Ireland seems to be of a yellowish-brown tinge. ab. amurula, Stdger., Mem. Rom., VI, 562 (1892). Descrip.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 28 = Rather smaller than typical olivana and darker brown. Amur district. ab. oblitescens, Schultz, Hnt. Zeit., XXI, 78 (1907). OriciInaAL Descrip.—‘ The two white transverse lines may be reduced in width, often they are very narrow and become almost streak-like. This may be called ab. obliterans. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (15) ab. confluens, Schultz, Hnt. Zeit., XXI, 78 (1907). Fies.—i.c., A, B, C. In Aa, streak of white joined the two trans- verse ones forming the letter H; in B the upper half of the interspace was filled with white; in C the whole of the interspace was filled up white forming a solid wide white band. ab. nowicku, Schilles, Polsk. Pisms., 2, 109 (1928). Derscrip.—Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp, 207 (1935), is only blackish yellow- brown in basal and central areas, marginal area glossy white as on the transverse bands, only dusted with blackish-brown between the veins. Poland. olivana, Schiff., Verz., 126, B. 1, Tortrices (1775). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Olive-green with two silver streaks.” Of this Iliger, Verz. Wien, 2, p. 39 (1801), said it was the argentula, Bork., Esp., and Hb., and the bankiana, Fb. ab. bankiana, Fab., Spec. Insect., II, 275 (1781), Pyralis. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘Alis fuscis, fasciis duabus niveis; posteriore uniden- tata, Magna. Alae anticae fuscae nitidae litura baseos fasciisque duabus obliquis niveis, posteriore majore quae versus anteriora dentem emittit- Alae posticae cinereae.”’ ab.nigrosparsata, Osthldr., Schm. Sud-Bay, 11 (2), 346 (1927). Fiae.—t.c., plt. XVI, 15, good. b. and w. fig. Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ I have specimens in which the silvery bands are strongly overspread with black.’’ (The author gives a figure of ab. obsoleta, Tutt, 14.) P.S.—Is omitted in the text but corrected on the plate. ab. albescens, Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., 111, 207 (1935). Fi¢.—t.c., 23 b. Oric. Derscrip.—‘‘ Differs vastly from type. Basal and marginal thirds are almost pure white, so that the silvery white transverse lines almost disappear therein and only an oblique pale brownish central band remains.”’ Aksu. ab. uuformis, Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 207 (1935). iRner—— hoe polities Jey kon Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ In which all markings become invisible, except for a very fine white subapical oblique streak and indications of 2 whitish submarginal line. Aksu. ab. fumeraria, Drdt. (Pegler in. lit.), III, 207 (1935). Fieg.—l.c., plt. 23 b. OrteInaL Descrip.—‘‘ Darker than nowickii: specimens in which the silvery-white stripes appear leaden black from the olive-brown ground colour, or even are completely obliterated.’’ Hydrelia uncula, Clrck. Hydrelia, Gn. (1841), Dup., Hamps. [ Fustrotia, Hb. (1821), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.; Hrastria, Hb. (1821), Culot; Phytometra, Gn. (1841)], uncula, Clerck. (1789) (unca, Schiff.). (16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V/1948 Hutn., Berlin Mag., III, 396, No. 67 (1766), described this species under the name singuluris. There was no reference to it in the article by von Rottem in Naturf., Vol. IX (1776). Linn., Fn. Suec., p. 342, No. 1305 (1761), described this species as a Tortrix and named it wneana. Schiff., Verz., p. 91, Y. 4 (1775), referred to the Geo. wncana, L., under the name wnca, treating it as a Noctua. Illiger, Verz. Wven, p. 342 (1801), cited Pyralis uncana, Fln. & Panz., and the wnca, Bork. & Esp. He confirmed it as the G. unca, L. Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 580, plt. 164, f. 7 (1793), gave a good re- cognisable figure: named unca, Bork., Scriba Mg., II, 152, plt. X, 7 (1791), gave a figure of a very good typical form under the name uncana. He cited Geo. uncana, I. ; Pyral. wncana, Fb., IV. unca, Schiff. Ernst and Engram., Pap. de Eur., VIII, p. 111, fig. 591 a, b, ¢ (1793) gave three very good figures, and underside. They cited Bork., Hb., Linn., de Vill., etc. Haw., Lep. Brit., IT, 262 (1809), described this species under the name unca and placed it in the genus Phytometra, and cited Hb., Fab., Linn., etc. Hb., Samml. Noct., 298 (1821), gave a very good typical figure: Unc. Treit., Schmett., V (3), 253 (1826), dealt with the species under the name uncu. He referred to Hb., Samml. Noct., 293, name unca; Hb., Beitr., 1 plt. 4,°Z, p. 56; Schiff., Verz-, 91, as unca; Wann., Sy Nat: 875, as a Geometer, wncana, and again Fn. Sw., ed. II, 1, as Tortriz uncana; Esp., IV, 580, plt. 164, 7, as Tort. wnca; Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, Nos. 67 and 68 (in Rott.), 396 as Ph. singularis, with Fab. as Pyr. uncana. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 379, plt. 123, 4 (1827), gave an excellent figure, unca. He gave references to Schiff., Verz.; Treit., Schmett. ; Linn., Geo. uncana; Fab., Pyralis uncana, Hufn. singularis, and Scriba, Noct. uncana, Gn., Hist. .Nat., V1, 235 (1852), called it unca, L. He cited Fb. calling it a Pyrale. He called it a Phytometra, and referred to Ernst and Engram., Pap. de Eur., 584, a, b, c. Splr., Schm. Ewropas, 1, 293, plt. 51, 17 (1907), described a darker form as ab. obscwrior, and said that vein IV occurred rarely between the orbicular and reniform stigmata. South, M.B.I., 11, 58, plt. 21, f. 5 (1908), gave an excellent figure: uncula. Hamp., Lep. Phal. Noct., X, 578, fig. 161 (1910), cited uwncana, L., and wnca, Schiff. as Syns. The figure b. w. was curiously marked with strong and dark lines to the large bands forming the hook. He used the 1759 name of Clerck’s figure, unca. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 280, plt. 52 e (1912), gave a good typi- cal figure; uncula, Cl. He cited uncana, L.; and umca, Schiff., as Syns. The only ab. given was the ab. obscurior, Splr. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 157, plt. 68, 18 (1915), gave an excellent figure: uncula, unca. 5 sate Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 207 (1935), reported the ab. lineola, nhl. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (17) The Names and Forms to be considered: uncula, Clerck (1759), Tcones, plt. 3, f. 7. singularis, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., III, 396, No. 67. Syn. unmcana, Linn. (1761), Fn. 8S. Syn. (Tort.). unca, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 91, Y. Syn. (Pyralis). ab. obscurtor, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 293. ab. lineola, Dnhl. (1926), Ent. Zeit., XL, 14. ab. rufotincta, Kolb. (1930), Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesel., XX, 62. ab. clarivittata, Nordstr., Sven. Fjarl., 200 (1940). Of the Variation Barrett said: Usually not variable; but there is at the Museum at Carlisle a specimen believed to have been captured in the neighbourhood by Mr C. Earles, in which the pale costal stripe is supplemented by another equally broad, joined to it for three-fourths of its length, occupying the middle portion of the wing from the base and throwing out a long spur toward the hind margin; in the middle of the wing is a spot of the darker ground colour. So far as I know this variation is unique. Tutt gave a description of Clerck’s type figure (1759) and discussed the variation among specimens he had seen. singularis, Hufn., Berl. Mag., III, 396, No. 67 (1766). Orie. Derscrip.—‘‘Rotlich braun, theils heller, theils mit einem blas fleisch-farbenen sehr gebogenen haken.’’ [Goeze, Beytr., III (3), 494, No. 24]. . ab. obscurior, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 293 (1907). Orig. Drescrip.—The size and shape of the reniform stigma some- what varied, the ground colour suffused very heavily red-brown, also the inner marginal streak darker, with other usually lighter marking somewhat brownish toned. ab. lmeola, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XL, 14 (1926). Descrip.—Drdt., Seitz. Supp., II, 207 (1935)—‘‘ In which the outer of the two white lines, forming the white outer marginal stripe, is suffused with brown dusting, so that only the inner fine silvery white line is left.’’ §S. Tyrol. Upper Bavarian Moor. ab. rufotincta, Kolb., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., XX, 62 (1930). Orica. DEscrip.—‘‘Among the series of this species only in those of the Bavarian States and near areas do forms of reddish colour occur. Many were found in the South Tyrol, of the same form, and it can be con- cluded to be a definite form.’’ ab. clarivittata, Nordstr., Sven. Fyarl., 200 (1940). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ With the transverse line and the waved line in place of having wide edges united together to form a light band.’’ Sweden. (18) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/V1/1948 Aprostota, Ochs. In this genus, which is closely allied to Plusia (Phytometra, Haw.) are contained three European species, two of which are British, triplasia, L., and tripartita, Hufn. The third species, very close to triplasia, is asclepiadis, Schiff., rare in Europe, but common in the far East and Japan. There seems to have been the utmost confusion regarding these two species from the time of Linn. (1758), whose description was so defec- tive that it denoted both species. On the Continent the confusion was (and is) greater from the inclusion of a third species (rare and local), viz., asclepiadis. Every author seemed to differ from every other in his ideas of the relationship of these insects. Careful breeding of long series of each in this country would no doubt give definite results which could be analysed. Abrostola triplasia, Linn. Abrostola, Ochs. (1826) [most authors], and Mey., 2 [and abros- tola, Ochs. (Gn. emend. 1852), Splr., Barr. Plusia, Treit. (1826), Meyr., 1). Linn. in his Sys. Nat., 517 (1758) cited Merian, de Geer and Rosel for figures of triplasia, but in his Fn. Swec. (1761) he cited only de Geer (Insect., plt. 6) for triplasia (mis-spelled triplacia), a very different figure from the exquisite one of Résel, which was a typical dark form with characteristic marbling, while the de Geer figure with similar marking is pale grey, the only dark and prominent markings are the large black central blotch, the two small apical marks, and the very large white patches on the thorax are indicative of the other closely allied species, tripartita, which for years was held as a form of triplasia. Linn., Sys. Nat., Xed., Phal. Noct. (1758), described it thus: ‘“‘ P. Noct. spirilinguis, alis deflexis, superioribus arcu duplici: contrario maculisque tribus glaucis intermediis, Tutt did not note this but gave instead the amplified description in the Faun. Suec. of Linn. (1761). Although the S.N. by Linn. was inadequate it was based on the good unmistakable figure in Rosel’s Ins. Belust., I (2), plt. 31 (1746+). Schiff., Verz., 91, Y.1 (1795), Messel-Erele. Illiger, Verz., 30, Y. (1) (1801), cited Fb., Bork., Esp. Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 612, plt. 169, f. 1, 4, 5 (1790+), gave three figures: 1 as triplasia, L., and 4 and 5 as var. asclepioidea (p. 616). These are very poor illustrations. Wernbg., Beitr., Il, 49 (1864), said all were triplasia. He renamed 1 trigemina, and 4, 5 as the form urticae, Tr., of triplasia, L. Bork., Schmet. Noct., IV, 755 (1792), cited Sys. Nat., XIled. (1767) ; Fab., Sys. Ent., 11; (14781); de Vill., Hnté. Lonn.; Schiff., Verz., (1775) ; Hutn., Berlin Mag., III (1766); de Geer, Insectes (178?); Rosel, Ins. Belust. (1746?); Goeze, Hnt. Beytr., IIT (8) (1781), ete. Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VIII, 105, f. 578 a, b, c, d (1793), gave two figures of the very dark typical western form and referred to this as a very common species with ¢ and 9 exactly alike and the variation almost nil. They cited over 30 references (before 1793). Sepp., Ins. Ned., I, 79, plt. XXIV (1762), gave three figures of the dark form, so typical in all western areas. Two of these were with closed wings in the normal resting position. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (19) Hb., Samml. Noct., fig. 626 (1814-7), gave a good figure named triplasia. He had already figured this species in (1800-3), No. 269, very dark, especially the hindwings; an extreme of the typical form. Treit., Schmett., V (8), cited 29 references of the species under the name triplasia. The Fn. Suec. of Linn. has a misprint ‘‘triplacia.’ In his text he discusses the association of urticae and asclepiadis. The fizures Treit. cites are those of Hb., Esper, Ernst & Engram., Rosel. Treit., Schmet. Eup., V (8), 188 (1826), gave a long description of triplasia, both larva and imago. He cited the important authors in- cluded in Bork.’s work, and added: Hb. (figs., larvae, etc.); Schiff., Verz., and Illig., Verz. (1801); Esper, Abb. Noct., IV (1790?); Ernst & Engr., P. de F., VIII (1793); Fuessl, Ins. Schwz.; Hufn.; View; Goeze; Bork., etc. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII, 486, plt. 132, 1 (1827), gave a good figure of the dark typical form of the West European habitat. The Central European examples are dark, but they are distinguished by being ex- tremely slightly lighter appearance. Gn., Histoire Nat., VI, 323 (1852), said that although the descrip- tion of Linn. was quite inadequate the citation of Rosel’s figure suf- ficed, but that some authors continued to confuse it with urticae, which was equally common as triplasia. Stdgr., Cat., I[Ied., 235 (1901), recorded his var. ab. clarissa intro- duced in Jris., XII, 38] (1899), ‘‘ multo dilutior, grisescens.”’ Hamp., Lep. Phal., XIII, 587, f. 128 (1913), gave a figure (b. & w.) by no means dark. He recorded its extensive habitat in China, Tokio, Siberia, etc. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 298, plt. 49, 15 (1907), gave a very dark typi- cally marked form of which the author said had the thorax and base of the forewings too dark, also the spot beyond the inner-angle towards the vicinity of the outer transverse line. South, M.B.I., II, 73, plt. 22, 2 (1908), gave a very good figure of a dark British form of which I. have a good bred series. The variation is extremely slight. They are doubtless the typical form. All speci- mens I have from the centre of Europe are considerably lighter as are many figures in published works of clarissa Stder. Pierce, Gent. Noct., 78, plt. 30 (1909). ‘‘ Harpe peaked, the costal edge bulged out, more peaked than ftripartita; clasper curled at the tip; clavus peaked, uncus sickle formed; aedoeagus terminating at the orifice with a scobinated process, on one side, and a curved hook or possibly a bulbed cornutus on the other; vesica with a mass of large and small spines.’’ Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 388, plt. 65 k (1918), dealt very briefly with the Abrostola. The var. clarissa, Stdgr., was noted, as well as the raised scales on the very black marking. The figure is dark but not so dark as our British form, yet not grey, and contrasts well with the only figure of tripartita beside it on the plate. Culot, N. et G., I (2), p. 164, plt. 70, 7 (1916). In ériplasia the length of the medial space between the extrabasal line and the elbowed line in its narrowest place is about a millimetre wider than in asclepi- adis. The yellowish basal portion is more clearly trilobed in triplasia. The extra basal and elbowed lines are more largely margined with fer- ruginous than in ftriplasia. In triplasia the elbowed line, a little be- (20) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/VI/1948- fore reaching the interior border, makes a more distinct angle out- wardly, so that, from the tip of this angle, this line runs more oblique as regards the base of the wing set out to meet the inner border. While in asclepiadis, of which we have just spoken, it is very open and the lower part of the elbowed line is nearly perpendicular upon the inner margin. Of the two Abrostola. Barrett remarked : We have but two species readily discriminated by (1) ground colour of the forewings silvery-grey = tripartita; (2) ground colour of the forewings yellow-brown = triplasia. Of the Variation Barrett said: Hardly variable, except that its colours are rather darkened in north-western districts. Tutt, in his dealing with triplasia in Brit. Noct., quotes the Orig. Descrip. of both the Sys. Nat. and of the Fn. Swec. as a single: one, but he does not use any of the references given with them. In the Fn. Swec. it will be noted that different references are cited, one being a figure from de Geer, Ins., plt. 6, f. 20-21. Race clarissa, Stdgr., Iris, XII, 381 (1899). Orig. Descrip.—This very striking, light form of triplasia is before me in three specimens (2 ds and 1 92) from Amasia, a ¢ from Mardin (N. Mesopotamia), a @ from Hibes (S.E. Taurus), and 2 ¢s from Jerusalem. The forewings of this var. clarissa are light (instead cf dark grey-black in triplasia). The basal part is (as the thorax) quite light yellow-brownish or isabellie colour (a not too strongly marked colour); the outer area is similar, more or less mixed with light grey, while the prevailing light grey middle area carries three distinctly lighter stigmata. The transverse lines like the three little black streaks in the apical part stand out sharply. The hindwings, like all the other parts of the body, are less dark, particularly apparent is this. the case in the light yellow-grey abdomen. Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., XIII, 588 (1913). Much paler and greyer- Asia Minor. Syria. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (21) Abrostola tripartita, Hufn. Barrett described this species under the Names urticae, Hb.; tripar- tita, Stdgr.! Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, 288, No. 31 (1766), described it as triplasia. ‘‘ Braunlichgrau, an der Einlenkung der Fliigel braunlichgelb; an dem TInnenrande den gleichen Fleck mit einem krummen Strick dariibes.”’ [Goeze, III (B).] Rottemb., Naturf., IX, 139, No. 95 (1776), in his treatment of the work of Hufn., said that this description was that of tripartita which was a form of triplasia and not a species as Hufn. had considered it. Dup., in his description, gave the following points of difference from triplasia: ‘““(1) The blotch at the base and the dentate line of the outer part of the wing are of a greenish yellow or colour of sulphur, instead of being fawn. (2) The larger of the two transverse lines is less curved and runs down at right angles to the inner margin. (3) The ground of the two ordinary stigmata is much clearer and is a little like the base in colour. (4) One sees only two small black spots forming an angle at the apex of the forewing in place of three black lines. (5) Finally, the thorax is of a violet-grey in place of being the colour of dead wood.”’ Dupon., Hist. Nat., VII, (1), 491, plt. 1382, f. 2 (1827), described it, and figured it under the name urticae, Hb. (Dup. did not recognize Hufn. as was customary in the early part of the last century.) Spuler, Schm. Eur., I, 298, plt. 49, fig. 17 (1907), gave an excellent figure. He said that the name was given from a character of the larva. South, M.B.I., II, 4, plt. 22, 3 (1908), gave this comparison with triplasia. This species, known also as urticae, Hb., has the basal and outer marginal areas of the forewings whitish-grey finely mottled with darker grey. The central area is greenish-brown mottled with darker brown. The spectacle mark in front of the thorax is whitish-grey ringed with black and the raised scales on the cross lines and the central area of the forewings are more distinct in this species. The figure was quite good. Pierce, Genit. Noct., I, 78, plt. 30 (1909), ‘‘ Harpe peaked, the costal edge being broadly bulged out, without corona; clasper a straight arm; clavus produced and peaked; uncus sickle form; aedoe- agus with a double toothed process at the orifice; vesica with a mass cf slender teeth.’’ Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 358, plt. 65 k (1911), gave the following diagnosis: ‘‘ Distinguished from triplasia by the whitish-grey basal area, the less distinct submarginal line, black-edged at apex, and by the oblique, elongate stigma becoming confluent into a transverse blotch, the mark on vein 2; the pale markings have something of a greenish tinge; but frequently the pale scaling is obscured by dark suffusion = ab. urticae, Hb. (22) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/ VIT/1948 Culot, N. et G., I (2), 165, plt. 70, fig. 9 (1916), gave an excellent figure and distinguished this species as follows: ‘‘ Tripartita, Hufn. (urticae, Hb. = asclepiadis, Esp. = triplasia, Hb. Easily distinguished from the two previous species by its light basal and submarginal areas which are of a very clear whitish-grey often of a green tint. Some- times, however, these light spaces are very darkened, but are never ochraceous as triplasia and asclepiadis. On the other hand in tripar- tita the black anti-apical spot is much more emphasized than in the other two species.”’ Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 223 (1936). The illustration in Vol. III, plt. 65 k, of triplasia form clarissa does not belong here but to asclepiadis, p. 359, plt. 65 k.’’ Of the Variation Barrett said: Usually not variable, but a specimen in the collection of Mr W. H. B. Fletcher has the ground colour as shown near the base and the under part of the forewing, dark steely-grey, and Mr J. Gardiner possesses one in which the forewings are of a curious unicolorous slate-brown, except that portions usually pale are shining slate-grey. Of the Variation of the larva Barrett said: ‘“‘ A variety, having the same pattern of markings, has the ground- colour bright reddish purple with pinkish cream-coloured markings in place of the yellow and white; the oblique lateral stripes and the 3- dorsal blotches are rich deep brown. All the legs are used in walking, in repose the fifth and sixth segments are arched and the anal segment raised (C. Fenn).”’ Plusia, moneta, Fb. Plusia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25) [Most Authors; Phytometra, Haw. (1809), Warr.-Stz.: Deva, Smith (1896): Chrysoptera, Latr. (1825), Hamp.] moneta, Fb. Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 218, plt. exu, fig. 1 (1792?), described the figure on the plate, which he had labelled flavago, under the name argyritis. In 1864 Werneb. said it represented moneta. The figure is certainly not flavago, which has differently shaped wings, and has no silvery or golden marking: quite obviously not flavago. Hibs: Beitr, Ie pty 3) pli. x, Ripe) 22) (78s), came an very danke.© figure. He gave a full description, commenting on its similarity to chrysitis, a species well figured by Schiffer, Abb. Regen. Ins., pt. 1, plt. 101. Hb., Samml., 189. Treit. cited this with the remark ‘‘eigen- thek,’’ in his opinion Treit. citation of 289 for moneta was correct. Hb. (773-775). These figures were added by Geyer in (1832-3) after the death of Hb. The 3 figures are darker than Hb. 289. Ernst. & Engram, Pap. d’Eur., VII, 158 (1792), when dealing with the ochracea, Schiff. = flawago of Hb. and of Sepp., cited Esper IV, 218, plt. 112, figs. 2, 3, and 4, copied from Sepp. He (Esper’s) fig. 1 on the same plate, which he has taken for the male is the Noct. moncta, which we shall give later. In Vol. VIII, Pap. d’Eur., fig. 1 of Esper, was cited as moneta, p. 116, f. 884. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (23) Treit., Schmett., V (8), 158 (1826), for this species cited Hb. 289, Beitr., I, pt. 3, plt. iii, P. p. 22; Fab., Esper., Bork, etc. He records that de Vill. in Ent. Linn., IV, 474, introduced moneta as a new species. I note that his description is copied from the Mantissa of Fab. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (2), 36, plt. 189, f. 2 (1829), cited ecu, Ernst. & Engram, f. 884, Fab., Esp., Ochs., etc. The figure was the dark form. He said that this species was very rare in France. Frr., Beitr., II, 77, plt. 71 (1829), gave one of the best figures I have seen of this species. The author has been supplied by his friends with both larvae and imagines, and he has given the full life-history written by one of his friends, Herr Stadtdecan. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 332 (1852), gave no description of his own and in fact his remarks were very meagre. He cited the figure by Hb., Dup., Freyer, Esp., de Vill. and Engram, but did not note that flavago was an error of the plate legend. In 1896 Smith described this species as new to. the American Fauna under the name trabea. He described it in Ent. News. It occurred in Canada and the adjoining area of N. America. P. trabea, Smith, Ent. News, VII, 29 (1896), described the esmeralda form of moneta as a new American species. cf. Dyar’s Cat., p. 198 (1902). Stdgr., Cat., 235 (1901), .cites Hb., Beitr., Haeger, Frr., Treit., Speyer, Schroder, etc. He recorded var. esmeralda (multo pallidior al. ant, pr. p. argenteis). South, M.B.I., II, 64, plt. 22, f. 4 (1908), gave a good figure. He discussed its History and Distribution. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 300, plt. 49, f. 20 (1907), dealt mainly with the distribution and its gradual spread. He included a var. et ‘‘ ab.’’, the esmeralda, Obthr. The figure is a lighter example but with only a sug- gestion of silvery suffusion. Hamp., Lep. Phal., XIII, 444 (1913), described it and recognized only the var. esmeralda, Obthr. He cited napella, de Vill., argyritis, Esp., and trabea, Smith. Hampson actually cited the plate error cf Esp. as a Syn., although it is one of the most obvious ever made and corrected shortly afterwards by Esper himself and subsequent authors. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct.z IT], plt. 651, ¢ and @ (1913) with syns. — argyritis and napella, and wrongly referred to the name flavago. ab. esmer- alda, 651, with its syn. trabea. They add marginata, Warr., 65 i-Stz., cream-white, and the typical figure. The four figures are representative as to marking, but the metallic coloration is absent. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 166, plt. 70, 12 @ (1916), gave the best figure I have seen of the dark ©. Of the Variation Barrett said: Not variable, except a little in the degree of dull gold suffusion over the forewings. Tutt, Brit. Noct., 20 (1892), said a great deal about the then recent appearance of this species in Britain, hardly touches on the Variation, but gave the description of esmeralda, Obthr., as well as that of the type form, Fab., Mantissa (1789). (24) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LX. 15/ VIL/1948 The Forms and Names to be considered : moneta, Fab. (1787), Mant., 162. napella, de Vill. (1789), Linn. Ent., II, 275. Syn. flavago, Esp. (1792) ? Abbild. Noct., IV, 218, plt. 112, 1. Error. argyritis, Esp. (1792) P l.c. Syn. ab. esmeralda, Obthr. (1880), Ht., V (1), 88. trabea, Smith (1896), Ent. News, VII, 29. ab. margarita, Warr.-Stz. (1913), Pal. Noct., TIT, 358, plt. 651. napella, de Vill., Linn, Ent., II, 275 (1789). Fig.—t.c., plt. 5, f. 21. Ornic. Descrir.—‘‘ Alis lutescentibus, lunulis punctisque argenteis.”’ ‘‘ Thorax tripliciter cristanus, crista media bifida. Alae superiores lutescentes, strigis duabus, inferiori angulata. In mediis alae duae lunulae argenteae intra quas puncta tria argentea posita sunt. Alae omnes subtus atomis fuscis adspersae.”’ ab. margarita, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 358, plt. 651 (1918). Fig.—l.c., plt. 651, a very good figure. Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Is cream-white with a silvery sheen, without any brown suffusion, the lines more or less obsolete, but traceable like the stigmata, in certain lights; hindwing whitish with brown veins, and slightly discoloured towards the termen.”’ race trabea, Smith, Ent. News, VII, 29 (1896). Fig.—‘‘ Moth Book,’’ Holland, plt. xxviii, 12 (1903). Oric. Descrtep.—‘ Ground colour pale whitish-grey, overlaid by ochreous, golden and silver scales. Head and thorax pale, scales and hair are black and brown tipped. Tuftings prominent, vestiture en- tirely loose and divergent. Wings mottled, difficult to describe, all the ordinary markings present. Basal space more or less silvery, crossed by a yellow-brown basal line, rather evenly outcurved, and margined both sides with yellowish-brown. T. p. line geminate, the included space silvery-gilt, defining brown lines distinct. Parallel to outer mar- gin but incurved between veins and irregular or angulated. A brown median shade line through middle of wing.’’ Alberta, Assiniboia. Holland’s fig. 12, plt. xxviii, Moth Book (1903) is not good. The description and figure agree neither with esmeralda nor with margarita, but seem nearer the typical form. NOW IN THE PRESS: TO BE PUBLISHED SHORTLY. Presently being issued as a Supplement to The North Western Naturalist and afterwards as a separate publication. BRITISH TACHINID FLIES (Tachinidae — Larvaevoridae & Calliphoridae), BY C. D. DAY, M.A. (Cantab.), D.P.H., etc. (ist Cl. Nat. Sci. Trip., Part 1, 1911). 7 Weymouth Avenue, Dorchester. Demy 8vo., about 150 pp., with Eleven Plates containing over Two Hundred Original Figures. Fully Bound. The Book describes in detail, with’ numerous Definitions and Explanations :—How to Collect, Preserve and Examine Tachinid ' Fhes, followed by an Entirely New System of Tables for the Identification of all the 320 odd known British Species, with a short description of each. Dr Day’s novel WING-CHECK SCHEME together with the Figures of Wing Venation of every British Genus forms a most useful and original means of checking the identifications. Other features are the List of Principal Hosts: Dates, Localities and Flowers visited: Wing Expanse measurements: Synonyms of the Genera and Species: Indexes to the Genera, Species and Wing-Check Scheme. The Book affords a ready means of naming Tachinid Flies and will be invaluable alike to beginners and those of more mature experience. Price — 15s 6d post free. Printed and Published by T. Buncie & Co. Lrp., Market Place, Arbroath, Scotland, to whom orders should be sent. The Edition will be a limited one, so that early application is necessary. ‘ “ec Mie ACy eit whet ahs ‘ apace a (deny voli ny ai, vs ita A hee MEDS geet OE dT Gat IS 4 as 7 ee | ee ae ice Fay ii My Pk: DEERME Vickgiseitalieet” Soca a Os ; ; BERS LTS ey, HoT GE TAR co i 0 protien Hehe REM pg a ne is 4 i pase pene 8 ax % uLe: ine y > ee 74, anu egeekt: ace Ghpk iba ah A 2iadaiaiad. ai So ri Dacor “ pa ernsgea Unpiigia®) boabrsEt owt. me ho : oe: 4 Ce ; Dee Ae ha Sf re a sds oi i a os a a i aly io) ‘ PER he va ink eta es en a ak a Meu ik ks } ae ‘hel aeateaee Mots yeah ie nl ye cm ap Bion. Os chat Spee ay is ‘! ‘s oan erintand Nike ae ey’ “Galle: soot wort: ene i ae gor BIAS TS BITE: Sea PL vlan et ane roe paeiien ft ai Ae ae mii au cre a hie Ae piempll he GE? § ‘ ” ay ailing oe Mi i ay igvopictals Ayoelny yes ae Bs silk Geb Seater “as ret OnpoRTNe}: De decree OC peenests aumiar aay) ny Eee par rat a ek We ve th haktys ‘Rn gdh ait Aen t 4 ay fer as Ea a y oer! a.) Riese gage Fim AEOLT Ty iret +3 ui aoe by 2 A A baad Pagar Riaaeae et atte M8 “beth oflae are oma Sch ‘ile eae ae ay: os A os omer rs a aes dhe ee | oa teea e a a hw i ne i aan < + an eran " : hee onl, Jowell ret hy z bee aid is hibited pity hae ey ie fitog "wat meee mage brarte it da vegi sg aden cia eh 7 eee ue E ates psi ee st Sis oe b wat . os sg Gay: . ; : : e Cary ; = eh hy ie a THE BRITISH NOUTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. LV. (25) Plusia chrysitis, b. Plusia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), l.c. Phytometra, Haw. (1809), L.c. Esp., Abbild. Noct., 1V, 186, plt. cix, f. 1-5 (1790?), gave 3 unsatis- factory figures. He gave a very full description of the species, its larva, life-history and variation and an epitome of the writings of many previous authors. Linn., Sys. Nat., XII (1767); Miiller, Ueberf. (1774); Ray, Hist. Ins. (1710); Geoffroy, Hist. des Ins., 11 (1762); Albin, Hist. of Ins. (1720) ; de Geer, Mem., II (1782); Seopoli, Hnt. Carn. (1763); Schiff., Verz. (1775); Fuessly, Sweiz. Ins. (1775); Fab., Syst. Ent. (1775); Miiller, Faun. Fred. (1764); Hutfn., Berl. Mag., III (1766). Goeze, Sys. Nat. du Regm. An., III (6) (1781); Jung, Verz. (1781?); Lang., Verz. (1782); Sepp., Nederl. Ins. (1785); Rott., Naturf., 1X (1766); ditto, VI, X; Schaeff., Icones, CI (1769). Krust. & Eneram, Pap. d’ Hur, NIM, 122,195 5885 cy deave. 7. (1793). All good: c. is a guncta form with the lower half of the central are filled with the greenish-gold. e. is another juncta form with a very slight arm of the metallic colour crossing the central area about the middle, and outer transverse metallic band extended outward, partly separated by a narrow dark line. f. a disjuncta form with silvery bands, the outer one well divided and the inner not meeting either costa or inner margin. d. an underside. Unusual forms. Hb., Samml. Noct., f. 272 (—1803), 672-3 (—1822), gave very good figures; the former has two tasciae united by a strong streak. 9, the latter, 672, ‘has a wide ground space between the two bands (the outer edge of the outer band is very irregular). 3, 673, is an underside. Treit., Schmett., V (8), 169 (1826), cited more than thirty works ot - authors previous to his own work. The following had figures: Madam Merian, Hur. Schmett., 1, plt. 59 (1730); Sepp, Neederland Vlinder,. i, plt. f 7-12 (762): Naturf., Vil) 79, plt. LW, 5-6) (775); spe Abbild. Noct., IV, 186, plt. 109, 1 (1790?); Ernst. et Engram, Pap. Gd Hur. Vill 122, f. 588 (1793); Donovan, Nat. Hust. INV. pli. tan (1905); Hb., Samml. Noct., 272 (—1803), 622-3 (—1822). Donovan’s figure is a beautiful juncta with only costal area of central band re- maining. Dups vost. Nat. Vin @)21) piven Wa. 3.045 (1829)" cited sNiacde Merian, Pap. d’Eur., plt. 59; Ernst. & Engram, Pap. d’Hur., VIII, f. 588; Fuess., Schrank, Vieweg, Lang, Berl. Mag., Hutn., Naturf., Rott, Goeze, Miiller, Brahm, Scopoli, and all other authors cited by Treit. The figures were very good representations of the forms juncta, Tutt, and disjuncta, Schultz, but wrongly labelled $ and Q forms. There is no sexual dimorphism. Frr., Beitrage, III, 129, plt. Ixxxix (1829), gave a good figure with Six pages of description and life history. The figure was a disjuncta form, dark brown ground. Gn., Hist, Nat., VI, 335 (1852), cited Albin, de Geer, Geoff., Scop., Sepp., Schaeff., Schiff. Verz., Z.2, Fab., Esp. Don., Bork., Brahm, Haw., Hb., Tr., Dup., Bdv., Steph., Ernst. & Engram and a short description. (26) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LX. 15/1X/1948 Meyr., Handb., 156 (1895) used the genus name Plusia. In the Re- vised Hbk., p. 181 (1927), he also used Plusia, South, M.B.I., II, 65, plt. 22, 5, 6 (1908), gave two good figures; 5 is typical and 6 is ab. juncta, Tutt. He also refers to ab. nadeja, Obthr. Splr., Schmett. Hur., 301, plt. 49, f. 26 (1907), gave a good figure of the typical form and dealt with the forms awrea, Hne., the golden form, ab. juncta, Tutt, var. nadeja, Obthr. On p. 366, Splr. dealt with combinations of disjuncta, disjuncta aurea and disjuncta scintillans, Schultz, which combinations he discussed at length, pointing out that such became synonyms. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 348, plt. 64 e., f. (1913), gave 5 figures, typical chrysitis, L., guncta, Tutt, aurea, Huene, diszuncta, Schultz, and scintillans Schultz; nadeja, Obthr., 64 f., was dealt with as a species and 2 specimens in the Tring Museum were associated with the above under the name stenochrysis, Warr. (64 f. figured). ‘Culot, Noct. et G., I (2), 169, plt. 71, 1 (1916), gave a typical figure, not the dark western form, but the somewhat paler Central European colour, rather too stiff. He speaks of the variation of the metallic colour, recognised the ab. juncta, Tutt, as the commonest form of mark- ing. Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., 111, 221, reported 4 new torms: decorata, Dhnl., rosea, Kaucki, croesus, Bryk., and splendidior, Fdz. Of the Variation Barrett said: Variable in the colour of the golden bands, irrespective of sex, from brilliant gold or even brassy-gold colour to a rather dull green-gold ; but there is reason to believe that the shade of colour changes during life from damp or other causes from the brilliant to the green-gold. Except in the separation or junction of the two bands there is little other variation. Tutt dealt with the typical form described by Linn. and discussed shortly the lines of variation and named the common alternative form with the two golden bands joined ab. juncta. The Forms and Names to be discussed : chrysitis, In. (178), Sys. Nat. Xth,! 513) iH Suec., 311) ? nadeja, Obthr. (1880), Ht., V, 85, plt. 3, f. 10. ab. juncta, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., IV, 25. ab. disyuncta, Schultz (1900), Ill. Zeit. Hnt., V, 349. ab. aurea, Huene (1907), Int. Ent. Zeit., I, 32 [Schultz]. ab. scintillans, Schultz (1907), l.c. ab. disjuncta-aurea, Splr. (1907), Schmett. Hur., I, 301, 366, plt. 49, 26° r. croesus, Bryk. (1923), Ent. Tdskr, XLIV, 116. ab. splendidior, Fernend (1929), Mem. Soc. Ent. Espn. Nat. Hist., XV, 598. ab. rosea, Kauck. (1929), Polsk-Pismo., VII, 185 [Stz., le ab. decorata, Dubl. (1933), Ent. Zeit., XLVII, 20. ab. disjuncta-scintillans, Lempke (1934), Ent. Ber., IX, 33. 291). oY) THE BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARTETIES. TV. (27) race nadeja, Obthr., Ht. Hnt., V, 84. [Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., XIII, 579 (1913). Forewings with the bands brilliant gold, and conjoined by a broad fascia in submedian inter- space. The bands broader and the postmedial band extending to the tornus. KE. Siberia; Japan. ] Fic.—l.c., plt. III, 10. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ At least as handsome as chrysitis, near which this species ought to be placed. Much smaller than chrysitis; wings of the same shade as in the variety of chrysitis where the two metallic green bands are united at the middle. A line of golden-yellow spots, subterminal, straight across the brilliant green blotch towards its extremity. The brilliant green extends nearer the base and farther towards the terminal border than in any variety of chrysitis. Head and collar clear yellow. Hairs on the thorax brown and the epidorsal ones brown and not yellowish as in chrysitis. Beneath as in chrysitts. T. of Askold.’’ ab. disjuncta, Schultz, Ill. Zeit. Ent., V, 349 (1900). Oric. Drescrre.—‘‘ Duabus vittis alarum anticarum metallicis, non inter se conjunctis, sed disjunctis.’’ The metallic shining cross bands are completely separated from one another.”’ Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., XIII, 579 (1913). Forewing with the bands brilliant metallic gold. ab. aurea (Huene), Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeit., J, 32 (1907). Orig. Descrip.—‘ The metallic cross bands are shining golden- vellow. The bands united.”’ ab. scintillans, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zeit., I, 32 (1907). Orig. Derscrip.— Pallidior, griseo-flavescens, al. ant. fasclis argenteo-caeruleis (confluentibus).’? ‘‘ This is distinguished from the typical and the other aberrations at the first glance by a distinctive eloss on the metallic spot of the forewing. While the metallic cross bands in the other forms appear golden or brassy coloured, the metallic coloured parts of the forewing in the new form are coloured silver-blue ; the metallic gloss approaches in sparkling to that of the related species P. zosimi. The metallic bands are united to one another in all the specimens so far known to me.”’ Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., XIII, 579 (1913). Paler; forewing with the bands silvery blue. ab. croesus, Bryk., Ent. Tdskr., XLIV, 116 (1928). Descrivp.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 221 (1933), ‘‘ Denotes a Swedish specimen with golden macula at end of cell.”’ ab. splendidior, Ferndz., Mem. Soc. Espn. Hist. Nat., XV, 598 (1929). Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 221 (1936), ‘‘Is of much more lively coloration, the metallic green is of quite extraordinary intensity. The outer line that edges the green band is strongly undulate, the brown median band is deeper scarlet-brown. Hindwings darker, sub- terminal that expands at anal angle completely absent. Salamanca.”’ (28) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LX. 15/TX/1948 ab. decorata, Dnhl., Ent. Zt., NUVIT, 20 (1933). Descrip.—Pal. Noct. Supp., ITI, 221 (1936), ‘‘ Is an aberration in which the metallic sheen is so extensive that the inner marginal patch of the ground colour is almost completely extinct. Bolyana and Rome.’’ Drdt. ab. decorata, Dnh]., Ent. Zeits.. XLVIT, 20 (1934). Ortc. Drscrre.—‘‘ This aberration is so well marked by the in- crease of the (red) gold that the front of the brown central band of the ab. juncta, Tutt, has almost wholly engulfed the rest of the spots lying around.”’ ab. disjuncta-scintillans, Lempke, Hnt. Ber., IX, 33 (1924). Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ The two bands disunited and blue-green in colour.”’ ab. rosea, Kauck., Polsk. Pismo., 1, VII, 185 (1929). Descrip.—Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 221 (1936), ‘‘ Denominates a specimen from Poland that is suffused with rose.’’? Drdt. Plusia chryson, Esp. Plusia, Ochs. & Treit. (1826), most authors [Phytometra, Haw. (1809)], chryson, Esp. Fab., Syst. Ent., 607 (1775), under the name orichalcea gave the following description :—‘‘ Alis defiexis fuscis, macula magna lunata.”’’ Of this Bork. said (IV, 765), ‘‘ The outer band of the metallic spot has the outer edge parallel to the margin of the wing, forming a lunu- late or similarly-shaped edge.’’ This description is most inadequate for chryson and is now con- sidered to point to another species and not to chryson as evidently so considered by Bork. Bork., Hur. Schinett., IV, 764 (1792), gave a short account of or- chalcea, Fab., of which he cited the Systema Ent., p. 607 (1775). Spec. Ins., II, 227 (1781); Mamntissa, II, 161 (1789). Also Hb., Beitr., Il (1787); Goeze, TII (3), 233 (1781), all ortchalcea, and Esper, Abhild. Noct., III, plt. 141, chryson. Bork., J.c., 765, there dealt with chryson, Esp., as a separate species and cited a possible connection with Esper, /.c., plt. 110, 6, p. 203. Treit., Schmett. Eur., VIII (8), 173 (1826), used the name orichaleea, Fab., but referred to chryson, Esp., and cited Bork., Hb., Ernst. & Engram, Goze, and Harris, ‘‘ Eng. Ins.’’ Dup., Hist. Nat., VIT (2), 18, plt. 135, 1 (1829), gave a good figure under the name orichalcea. | H.-S., Sys. Bearb., TI, 398 (1843-56), still used the name orichalcea, Fab., and merely included chryson, Esp., as an ‘‘ antique.’’ He noted that the figure of Hb. was ‘‘ not good.’’ Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., II, 336 (1852), accepted the name orichalcea and cited chryson, Esp.; aerifera, Sowerby and Ernst & Engram. South, M.B.I., II, 66, plt. 24, 1 (1908), gave a very good figure. The inner and outer sides of the spot are unusually irregular. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (29) Meyr., Handbk., 157 (1895), treated chryson under the name ori- chalcea. In the Revised Hbk., 181 (1927), he changed to chryson. Stder., Cat., IInd Edn., 126, No. 1775 (1871), was the first to list chryson as a species with orichalcea as a subsidiary name. In the two previous Lists, Heydenreich’s (1851) and -Stdgr.’s 1st Edn. (1861), the reverse was the case. l.c. In IInd Edn. Stdgr. added, ‘‘ certo mihi alia esse sp. videtur; nec enim descriptio nee patria quadrat.”’ Splr., Schmett. Eur., 1, 202, plt. 49, 33 (1907), gave a very good figure, a large ©. South, M.B.1., II, 66, pit. 24, 1 (1908), gave a very good figure with a golden sometimes green-tinged patch. Hamp., l.c., 58f (1913), dealt with orichalcea, Fb., as a true sp. and cited chrysitina, Martyn; aurifera, Hb., 463; Frr., Neue. Beitr., plt. 509; he gave half a page of Eastern localities. Hamp., Cat. Phal. Noct., XIII, 576 (1913), cited the orichalcea of many old authors; aerifera, Sowerby; and gave the description of a form from Corea. This was subsequently named coreae, Strand (1916). Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1J, 348, plt. 64 e (1913), gave a good figure, but in most specimens and figures the inner line is very indistinct whereas in the type figure of Esper it shows the portion from the blotch to the inner margin is quite distinct and clear. They said it is orichalcea, Hb. (not of Fab.); it is the aerifera, Sowerby. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 170, plt. 71, 4 (1911), gave an excellent figure of the typical form; no description. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., I11, 221, recorded r. coreae, Strand, with the golden spot greenish, from Corea; and ab. euwporia Dnhl., from S. Tvrol (Terlan), very dark with extended gold spot. Tutt dealt with the typical chryson, Esp., and discussed the name and use of the term orichalcea in the Appendix, B. Noct., IV, 128. The Names and Forms to be considered : chryson, Esp. (1789), Abbild. Noct., IV, 447, plt. 141, 2. orichalcea,, Kb. (1775), Sys. Ent., 607. Syn. sp- aerifera, Sowerby (1803), P.M., plt. 25. Syn. sp.? r. coreae (Hamp.?), Strnd. (1916), Arch. Nat., UXXXII, D. 2, 56. ab. euporia, Dnhl. (1933), Hnt. Zeit., XLVITI, 20. ab. pales, Miill. (19). ab. ewuporia, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XLVITI, 20 (1983). Ornic. Drescrip.—‘‘ In regard to the ‘ Contribution to the Southern Tyrol Fauna’ (Ent. Zt., XX XIX) form the autumn brood described, p. 101, by me which regularly appears in the southern valleys I give them a distinguishing mark. My sp. is a worn example from Bogue = euporia. ab. coreae (Hamp., 1913) Strand, Arch. Nat., LXXXII, A. 2, 56 (1916). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings with the gold patch tinged with green and not extending to the submarginal lines.’’ Corea. (30) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LX. 15/TX /1948 Plusia bractea, Fab. Plusia, Tr. (1826), most authors [Phytometra, Haw. (1809] bractea, Fab. (1787). bractea, Schiff., Verz., 92 (1775). See Append., 314. | Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Fam. Z. with 12 claspers. Semigeometrid larva. Noct. metallic purple-brown, golden-spot.’’ A rather meagre descrip- tion, which seems to have been missed or refused by most authors, in- cluding Tutt. Tlliger & Haefeli revised Verz., Schiff. (1801), placed it in its cor- rect place between 2-3 chrysitis and interrogationis, p. (92) = 347. Z. Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 397, Plt. CX, 1-2 (1789°), gave 2 figures as S$ and Q but poor and indistinct. They were attested by Wernebg. The outer transverse line is very distinct on its marginal portion. Hsp. cited the Mant., Fab., IT, 161 (1787); Schiff., Verz. (1775), 314, plt. 5 f.w. He referred to the similar figure of chryson, plt. CXLI. Bork., Schmett. Noct., IV, 775 (1792), cited Fab., Mant.; de Vill. ; Schiff., Verz.; Goeze, Beitr., III (8), 225. Brust &. Knem:, Pap. dHur., Vill, 127, fig. 590 a:, b-, ¢., d. (A793): They gave 2 upper and 2 undersides. 590 a. and 590 c. were excellent fisures. The authors cited: Schiff., Verz.; Gmelin, I, v, p. 2555; Fab. ; Goeze, III (8), 283; de Vill, etc. Hb., Samml. Noct., 279 (1800-8), gave a very good figure. H.-S., IT, 397, said, ‘‘ kennt-lich,’? the hindwings were too yellow. Dup., Hist. Nat., VIT (2), 26, plt. 134, 1 (1829). The metallic spot was silvery and so was the outer marginal band. There was no gold. The gold of the other threa species on the plate was present, well de- veloped. The text refers to the spot as of pale gold. He cites secwris, de Vill.; Ernst & Engram.; Schiff., etc. Treit., Schmett. Noct., V (3), 176 (1826), cited Ernst. & Engram, Pa 263 de Wille sne 27 Bork., UV. (fo. schitte. 92) 314 Males Mle (2),-78; Esper., IV, 197. plt. CX; Ilhger, 547; Hb., 279. Frr., New. Beitr., I, 91, plt. 47, 3 (1833), gave a figure in which the gold spot was unusually large. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 336 (1852), cited Ernst. & Engram, Pap. d’Eur., VIII, f. 590, a., b., ¢., d.; Eversmann, 334; Schiff., Verz., 314; Esp., etc. Meyr., Handb., 157 (1895), used the genus Plusia, and again in the Revised Handb., 182 (1928 = 7). Stdgr., Cat., Ed. ITT, 137 (1901) gave the authority (S.V.) Fab., Mant. He gave no syn. and did not cite de Vill., in fact appears sup- pressed. South, M.B.I., II, 67, plt. 24, f. 2 (1908), gave a very good figure, but the gold spot was too pale, more like ab. argentea. Hamp., Lep. Phal., XIII, 551 (1913), cited Schiff. for the type form description (1775). Tutt and most authors had cited Fab., Mant. (1787). Also securis, de Vill., and described an aberrational form but did not name it. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 347, plt. 64 i (1913), treated securis de Vill. as a syn. The figure was a good general one but the gold spot was not developed as in the usual shape. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (31) Culot, N. et G., I (2), 170, plt. 71, 5 (1916), gave an excellent figure with a pale golden spot. He figures a specimen under the name exuba, Krisch., with a new species in which the ground colour is a beautiful rosy tint with the spot brilliant golden colour. He says that it may be only a local form, from Manchuria. Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., 111, 221 (1930), includes the ab. bracteanu (Hamp.) Strand, and records the ab. argentea, Gronem., with a silver in place of a gold spot. Of the Variation Barrett said: Hardly ever variable, but in the collection at Hayton Park, Liver- pool, are two of which the shape of the gold spot is altered into an irregular rhomboid. (VI, III.) Tutt, Brit. Noct., IV, 26 (1892), dealt with the description by Fab., Mantissa, 11, 161 (1787), and made a few remarks on the group Plusia and the local occurrence of this species. The Forms and Names to be considered : bractea, Fab. (1787), Mant., 161. securis, de Vill. (1789), Linn. Hnt., II, 171, plt. 5 f, 10. Syn. ab. bracteana (Hamp., 1913) Strand. (1916) (Hamp., VIII, 551), XXXII, Strand., Arch. N. et G., 2596 (1916). ab. argentea, Gronem. (1933), Drdt. (1933), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 221. ab. argentea-maculata, Vorbr. (1911), Schmett. Schweiz., I, 422. ab. securis, de Vill., Linn. Entom., II, 271, plt. v, f..10 (1789). VWie.—Plt. v, f. 10, l.c., iv. Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ Alis incumbentibus brunneis, securi aurata in medio. Palpi rubri, collare rubrum. Alae superiores brunneae, macula aurata securl formi in medio cum congenere aureo unita. Certo situ alae medium flavum. Margo posticus griseo nitidus. Subtus alae superiores rubro tinctae inferiores luteae. Pectus rubrum.”’ In Vol. IV, p. 473, de Vill. changed securits for the bractea, Schiff., and cited Verz., Schiff.; Wernbg. agreed with this in his Beitr. (1864). ab. bracteana, Strand., Arch. Natg., LXXXII, A. 2596 (1916) (Hamp. ep. Phal., Xie ool 9i3)). Orie. Descrip.—‘t Forewing with the stigma slightly produced at the lower extremity ’? (Hamp.). ab. argentea, Gronemann. Descrip.—Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 221 (1918), ‘‘ a silvery spot instead of a gold spot.’’ ab. argentea-maculata, Vorbr. & M.-R., Schm. Schw., I, 222 (1911). Oric. DEscrie.—-‘‘ Very rarely do fresh examples have silver instead of golden spots. It is very rarely fresh examples are observed, nearly every example met with is faded and worn.”’ (32) NDOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL, LX. LX 194s Plusia festuca, Linn. Plusiu, Treit. (1916-26), most authors [Phytumetra, Haw. ae Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., IL (1918), recent authors] festucae, Linn., Sys. Nat. (1758). Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 231, plt. CXIII, 6 (1789+), gave a figure identified by Wernbg. as festucae (my figure has deteriorated). He cited Linn., Sys. Nat., XIled., 845 (1767), and gave the descriptio from there and the Fauna Suec., 311 (1761); Fab., Spe. Ent.; de Vil Schiff.; Hufn., ITI, 214, with short description ; Goeze; the two Mullersy., etc. 7 Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VIII, 585 ¢, d, e, f, p. 117 (1793). In ¢ the silvery colouration predominates on to the ground of the fore- wings; in e the ground colour has an amount of golden shading. They cited Linn., XII; Schiff. 92.2; and 33 other works, including Merian, Geoffroy, Albin, Scopoli, Fuessly, Schrank, Schaeffer, Brahm, Fabricius (3), Sepp, various Lists, etc. Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Ins., U, 46 (1793), gave an excellent figure of a well-marked specimen. Hb. Samml. Noct., 277 (1902), gave a good figure, but there was 1:0 suggestion of any calito flush. Treit., Schmett. Noct., IV (8), 165 (1826), cited Hb.; Schiff. Verz. ZAlpeilige IN SAvsg.< 345, 1; Linn., S. Nat., 845 (1767); Fab. ; Hep. - IV, 113; Bork.; Vieweg, Ll, 45; ene ; Goeze, IIL (8), 127; Panzer, nein. vari 19; Kleemann ; Wallees. ; FEB ., CXILI, 6; Ernst & Engram., VIII, 585 ; Doneven, II, 46; de Geer, etc. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (2), 30, plt. 135, t. 4 (1829), gave a figure in which the pale silvery markings were very weak, but the apex, inner margin basal part of the costa and a partial submarginal band are brilhantly gilded. Steph., Jll., 111, 107 (1830), said ‘‘ It varies a little in colour, and in the form and size of the golden spots on the anterior wings.’ Found in marshy districts inhabiting the meadows in the vicinity ot Rother- hithe; the Surrey canal near Greenwich, Woolwich, etc., also the ditches of Battersea fields. Frr., Beitr., 11, 18, plt. 100 (1829), gave a figure showing both upper and under side. The former had all the markings usually silvery strongly golden of usual area. The underside had the central markings silvery, the broad apical blotch and the marginal band were golden, not strong but weakening to faint at apex of inner margin. The hind- wing was pale with a very strong network of black veining. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 337 (1852), made this remark, ‘‘ I have seen a specimen from N. America which differs in no respect.’’ He cited Albin; Kleemann (conten. of Rosel), plt. 30, f. A (a very beautiful figure, with bright silver spots, the whole of the rest of the torewings extensively mottled with gold, Hy.J.T.); Schiff.; Treit.; Donovan, II; Dup.; Engr., VIII, 585; Steph., etc Splr., Schmett. Hur., I, 302, plt. 49, 30 (1907), did not treat the tar Kast form as a separate species but treated the American putnami as a form of festucue. The figure is a good typical form. {HE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. IV. (33) South, M.B.J., II, 68, plt. 24, f. 3-4 (1908), gave two very good figures with the central markings very clear and distinct; 4 is a dark ground, 3 is a lighter golden-brown ground. He refers to an example, in which these spots are not united into one patch. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., II], 347, plt. 64c (1913), does not give a good figure, marking and colour not distinct and sharp enough. No form is reported and no Syn. Hamp., Lep. Phal., XII, 507 (1913), added an aberration subse- quently named festucella by Strand (1916). The golden spots below the cell were confluent. He cited Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, plt. 118; Hb. iio Dupes Nib (2), pltsisos re eBettin pits 100: Culot, N. et G., I (2), 171, plt. 71, f. 8 (1916), gave a very good figure with normal light central markings with the ground moderately marked with a medium amount of dull golden suffusion. Of the Variation Barrett said :— Usually not variable, but Mr W. H. B. Fletcher has examples of a rich pale chestnut colour devoid of darker shading; sometimes also the two gold spots are separated only by a faint line. Some years ago | saw in Liverpool some unusual forms which had been reared in autumn from larvae found near Warrington. Of these some had the pair of gold spots quite joined together, while others in which they were separate, had the first spot of double the normal breadth. Some varia- tion in this direction seems also to occur in Ireland. Tutt dealt very casually with festucwe quoting the short inadequate description of Linn. and the record from Gn. of the specimens received from America. The Names and Forms to be considered : — festucae, Linn. (1758), Sys. Nut., Xed., 518. ssp. putnam, Grote (1873), Bull. Buff. Soc., 1, 146, 193. ab. coalescens, Schultze (1905), Hnt. Zt., XIX, 86? ab. miniana, Schultze (1905), l.c. marisola, Krulik (1908), Soc. Ent., XXIII, 11. Syn. festucella (Hamp.) (1913), Strand. (1916), Arch. Natg., 4, XXXII, A 2, 48. Syn. ssp. splendida, Rang. (1935), Ent. Rund., LIII, 22. ssp. maroccana, Rungs. (1937), Bull. Soc. Ent. Maroc., XVI, 213. putnami, Grote, described a Noctuid under this name in the Bull. Buffalo Soc., Vol. I, 193. Holland gave a figure of this in his Moth Book (1908) on plate XXVIII, f. 15. Undoubtedly a figure of the Kuropean festucae as Dyar had recognized although Holland persisted that it was a new species. Holland used the genus Huchaicia, Hb. ab. putnami, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc., 1, 193 (1873). Descrip.—[ Holland, Moth Book, 337 (1903), plt. XXVII, 15. “ Dr Dyar treats this species as a form of the European festucae.’’?] The figure is that of a festucae. ab. coalescens, Schultze, Hnt. Zt., XIX, 86 (1905). Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Al. ant. maculis argenteis in area media con- fluentibus.’? The author gave half a column to discuss the species. (34) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LX. 15/ X1T/1948 ab. miniana, Schultze, l.c. Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forma dilutior (minor) al. ant. ee maculis metallicis in media area persnigule reliquis saepe restrictis.’’ . ene PGS8i 1) Miata) eae eee ee Seen eee PALL conformis (furcifera) ...........; DOD Ale WG@WENMC A wt ec tce ee pater eee BOs} CONSpPErsay = Wala. ...4655..5 0c O38) Tio ae eee ote cae one ta eae 8, 287 contigual sn Seas Pes ee QO fas literasa: ela ®.. ema. ae OAL COFrdI@ErAa, | Ceeoeteten sy. hl eee 255 Nw lithiin ovata ambien. 2k ween oe ame 26 CKOCEALO Uo. t ee en eee AR 2 Or Leia ta meee. sce cr es aeeeer cere teere 144 eruda (pulverulenta) ............ 234" | loniceras(hnux) OFF. (ee DIO L67 eucubali = rivularis ):./.%. B88; ZO aii duNnesanr eso. tte: Ate 284 Cucuilia sps. Tie Baer ay 235 AO aimlinted, (Havaco) ween aes 31, 289 Ceiba ‘=3) namMay yb ee 1ST gp datosa~s poschs steak ee Se ee 269 CNET) ue dh Os ter eRe ark Ae 63 siladabulenitiag yok: sere ce oP eae eee 128 PROMPSACEH Wire deka eae cae a ea DAAS Lyehiaidisers easeuenees ae ree ace eee 284. GISSIAENIG YN Ree oA aN, 194 1 macilenbarak: She Al eee eS 284 GiGEapeze ee. NS Gee 280 MENTE be Poe ee ee 2 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (295) AVP A ME een aeie te eicaa'. . Vaated ne Same Cola y TIVE) EN TIC) OF Ee aaa ere ten cer saree HOMAGE 1 rises 3s Saas sence PME GICULOSE gy Suac on <0 eae hoe 143, TMC ACE AA Me aes ok Shc aehes Seas : TMEMDUEE A BA CHOSA)> 9s. wscccse cease RIV OEDMGMIS phi ska ster ees okiasiaere nes AUNUITAOL AMIN Stee cay = 7. ie wget Ne FEST err INO ee ny Oa gee rer eeee cele es Mata (CONSPETSA)) fer. c.acesseee: TNA Ae ht GCN MTN Ae SO... .eaweedscier POU MIGG Aa Reese OIL oe amen FRCS UIT CONG: let Maps ais ich, can AMR a MUCHAS (OCU eas. den. seen ee. Fl TSENG oe, Pasa ae ea MORESCEMGE cee tn sacs kWaa see eamat 08 TOMA CAMS Ae! ARCS sa eces scene. ask oes nigrocincta (xanthomista) ...... obsoleta, “(armicgera) © 2.052. ..2..2.- GpPSOleia wee eee oes oe EL Notas GNCUIDLG ARTE enn. ook: et acct o ue ANCE WeasE Suysel sort eon ens ochnacea: Clavace) iis..45...6 3: ACME OLGUCA teeters So ss bos laste eculeas(niebibans)) "25.62... oe DICE ACC se i. eR ES OO FEA A So eet he 54, 2 DYOISGTEED, ree aaa ad Sea aR ee nA OIPAGINE)) cence aks saree Caceres SLasb ie OAPUBOW US! ayes. So. awe sects e ene cece MY ACATNDMACG) 15.2. ko 5c al8 oe 136, TOBOSVCER ph Gee Ver erie eee te amiga PUTAS | Serta os oRSee Se ae FOCNEUM EM Ann Pallet ae we cua, asco Sa PICTSUC ARIA Gl aeapene ss Seal Nees. Ss a: [OGLE - SMU SEE ts ar Seapets aaa ae [DOVES tS ein MS rs Hes Re Sage piniperda (griseo-varlegata) ... pol tell ameter 28g at 28 6 CO eaten [DOTRREIESIIN AV yc eau rere re POROMT are ee Gees) os coy ae oes A large number of additional new PAGE ROLE AGF nasa. ceo gekees ola ehicu oan tee 175 POSIC Paar Siac e ge AS ean eine. cts Wn ee 266 pulverulentam (cruday 9.25 284 Dy oumarmag Ciualivia))= hase eye dee 268 Pyrenees see eee ae 70 quadripunctata (clavipalpis) ... 27 TeECbUIMeAr wes ee 213 PEGS Ace, aN ad eee snes eee 60, 290 TEP ACh chk Rear ier ca cdey Ae Sone ee Se 206 rivularis (cucubali) ......... 88, 292 TSUDNOT Os, Nocera ss Ee ea 280 RUROINI AT Mtoe Sr emu mn 13 LUDEICOSAA ys she yak eee 262 PUMAICIS! | hE Ney SU eeterey: Ol: 274 PUT Ga eg a eee cee 271 satellitia = transversa 18, 288, 289 scolapacimay.u oysye- ee eee aN Seman TWIN GAa (os i ae eee eee oe Mie SEREMOG 1s Pat are ee 104, 292 SOCTA SOR: | ee ee enon 225 solidaginis: ““Ar.qjyde ee eee 231 StEAMMNeA qh. 56. eee Bae 267 SERISOSAy = Bakery Cee 274. SuillpGUSae ks 5A ae Meee ee 62, 290 Cam XACH Shes 5 Ae eae 27: bemnplaney 0: see" 3, aa ae eae IDEs) Dib tenebiratay is esse oe ea eee 260 ‘bra lassinariy:t eee ee ee ea 206 GiNGhae his sacs bose eee ee ee 163 transversa (satellitia) 18, 288, 289 EFAPeZINAe | eee n ee eeten ee, 67, 291 Eriol chenapodiunrns eee 186 ERIC T ATI CAM ees see eee 273 EUG uM Ceh an ere sss ee ZO ae HNO RAGICA = eer eee eee 239, 276 (DUG 0) oe Recreate ee AMP ere A eeL 24) VeNCCHININ Neer oto eae T cco mere 1, 286 RES OLDEST? unease MS Sara Rone Aa Zon SU HIMNTASA REG M eer iatag nye aan Ot Le ya 119 KTM OCGA ty Wes hes ae eee 281 xanthomista (nigrocincta) ..... 111 ERAN LIME wee eee eee 50, 290 Varieties remain to be published. i is Renter pai . LIRA Eat area Ca in pnld GPE WM Ele yd ) BEARAS bieceis toes i I; One 4 i ? ‘ i ‘ at Wieypesdes due Pe setvadlednc ; iat Ny UTR eles 2 AE crn gpa peopiedber haw ahast * 4 5 . “wal reas weed ee le was hire ee “ie > ae Fugal sorep Rit Wire eee ere ree te Te i | ‘Pevey tet eye ss a we 4 fae r83 ate i) pap sahy Rea rye wont ict hae . ae awd eRe tem Same ' 1A, H Me ms j we, RG Nk ol sala ee | adie, b Oth Gt ee ; sf A i hae oni site ¥ iG : ii apres die ern ay \, sities Pt. eee ne ae te Vee NS TF . W ¥ 4 EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. Wanted—A. vestilialis from all parts of the British coasts except south: also R. simulans and S. ravida (obscura). Cash or exchange.—A. H. Sperring, Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Havant, Hants. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, (7? from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, ‘Somerset. Wanted.—I need specimens of Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all parts of the world, particularly Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, Madeira, Canaries, N. Africa, Middle East counties, and E. Africa; also varieties from British Isles or elsewhere. I will purchase these, or offer in exchange good vars. of British Lepidoptera cr many sorts of foreign and exotic Lepidoptera.— P. Siviter Smith, 9/ Melville Hail, Holiy Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 146. Wanted.—Various inonthly parts of Entomologist’s Record for 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, and 1920. Please report any odd monthly parts (in wrappers as issued) prior to these years.—P. B. M. Allan, 4 Windhill, Bishop’s Startford, Herts. Wanted urgently for genetical purposes, pupae of Selenia tetralunaria.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Homefield, Cranleigh, Surrey. Wanted.—Various Books on Lepidoptera. Please send lists and price. Alse wanted, Live Exotic and English Lepidopterous Material for cash or ex- change for similar material or Set English Imagines.—J. K. Goody, ‘ Wei- don,” 26 Carr Wood Road, Bramhall, Ches. Sale or Exchange—R.E.S. Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 19824 less part 5. New Series— Trans., Vols. 1 and 2, Vol. 3, part 1. Proceed, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, part 3. Trans Suffolk Naturalist Soctety, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 and 1928, 1941 and 1942. Ent. Mont. Mag., 1922, 1924-5, 1933-41. List on application.—F. W. Smiih, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Endromts versicolora, pur- chase or exchange.—R. W. Parfltt, 4 Dunsdon Avenue, Guildford, Surrey. Wanted—Bristol board suitable for mounting Coleoptera. Also, Puton, A., 1878, ** Synopsis des Hémiptéres-Hétéroptéres de France. Badonnel, A., 1943, Faune de France, No. 42, Psocoptéres.—H. G. Stokes, 12 Roman Road, Salisbury, Wilts. For Disposal.—Entomoblogist’s Record, Vols. 55 (1943) to 59 (1947) in parts, all in good condition. For cash, or in exchange for any of Dr Imms’ Textbooks of Entomology including the latest.—Aian M. Maclaurin, Oldhall House, Kil- macolm, Renfrewshire Wanted.—For the British Museum larval collection, larvae of Chrysomelid beetles, alive or preserved. Liberal exchange if required.—Dr S. Maulik, British Museum (Natural History); Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Wanted to Purchase—Pupae in any quantity of any species of moths—R. M. Rickard, Coningsby, Lincotn. For Disposali—Barbut (J.), The Genera Insectorum of Linnaeus, 1781 (including 2 Plain and 20 Coloured Plates); The Genera Vermium of Linnaeus, 1783 {in- cluding 11 Coloured Plates); The Genus Vermium of Linnaeus, Part 2, 1788 (including 1 Plain and 13 Coloured Plates); the three works in i volume. What offers? I would exchange the above for Haworth, Lepidoptera Briian- nica, 1803-1827.—7. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham. Kent. Wanted to Purchase—African Section of Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera of the World, both Butterfly and Moth Volumes, either bound or in parts.—D. G. Sevaste- pulo, C/o Ralli Brothers Lid., P.O. Private Bag, Mombasa, Kenya Colenzy Wanted—Distribution Records, Notes on Abundance and Information regarding Local Lists of the Dipterous Families Empididae and Conopidae.—Kenneth G. V. Smith, “‘ Antiopa,” 38 Barrow Street, Much Wenlock, Salop. For Disposal—Pupae of the following Hawk Moths, principally pinasiri (several) and a few each of Poplar, Large Elephant and Privet. Wanted in Exchange —Aberrations of the Chalk-Hill Blue, Lysandra coridon, and some other species of butterflies. Lists of offers invited.—Chas. B, Antram, ‘‘Clay Copse,” Sway, Lymington, Hants. Wanted to Purchase—Leech’s British Pyrales. Coloured Plaie Edition.—A. W. Richards, Nether Edge. Hawley, near Camberley. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: January 19th, — 1949 (Annual Meeting), February 2nd, at 45.30 p.m. South London Entomo-- logical and Natural History Society, c/o Royal Society, Burlington House, Pic- — cadilly, W.1; 2nd and 4th Wednesdays; 6.0 for 6.30. London Natural History — Society : Tuesdays, 6.30 p.m., at London School of Hygiene or Art-Workers’ Guild © Hall. Syllabus of Meetings from General Secretary, H. A. Toombs, Brit. Mus. ~ (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, 8.W.7. Birmingham Natural History and Philo- — sophical Society—Eniomological Section: Last Friday in Month, at 7 p.m., at ~ the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. Particulars from the Hon. Secretary, G. B. Manly, 72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14. TO OUR READERS. Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, Early.—Eds. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and ali PROOFS returned to : Hy. J. 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If you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIS g or PHLAEAS, you can be interested for life in their British aberrations by © obtaining ‘THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADDENDA,” PRICE £2 10s, post free, direct from :— THE RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, LTD., Yelverton Road, Bournemouth, Hampshire. Strongly covered and magnificently produced with 18 plates of 402 figures, 96 in colour. Letterpress 144 large pages of superior paper. MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD (SEITZ). Vols. I, V, IX and XIII: bound in red morocco. Texts and Plates separately Pe bound for each volume. What offers? Lt. Col. R. C. NICOLAS, Yew Tree Farm, Ryton,: Shrewsbury, Salop. Printed by T. Buncle & Co., E.td., Arbroath. nh scaly reo h a oe ‘ fi Ay ay, a Aaa " ahs DAE | » 5 RENN 2 we oe See Fen, 2 Pipe Me nad danseoient eo La Jone omy a a ae aay? - rw . mate wel tet we , - , ‘« ‘ Ng hn ta? ny “ . ; ee " ‘ “ " = . y “s- re many 2 ks ee ere =e nA aA age det) ot “14 tgs Me sete = ot cee ee ane ee eS Olean: : mae er aim path Eta Bt gtetste z ss re 8 . ) a a - 7 shoe 3 te th fe e > 4“ er? rd Ste ol - ae ‘ “ em ret ( nese